The ”new residents” are the spouses of local Taiwanese who are foreign or mainland Chinese in origin. The most common problem they encounter living in Taiwan concern the lack of respect for human dignity. Specific problems of foreign spouses include language and cultural adaptation as well as problems parenting their children. Spouses from the mainland have particular difficulties in employment opportunities and financial inadequacy.Polls show that there is ”unfair” treatment of new residents by Taiwanese society. However, many Taiwanese think that this phenomenon is ”appropriate.” We consider it worthwhile to clarify the normative implications of this type of behavior.Firstly, we propose Amartya Sen's ”capability approach” in this paper. Secondly, capability approach is used as a tool to explore the topic ”What is fair?” Thirdly, based on Martha Nussbaum's 10 key items on her capability list, we examine the capabilities which new residents need to acquire. Currently, there are two important attributes that are quite crucial. One is language skills or the ability to read, write, speak and comprehend Chinese. The other is freedom from discrimination. The former is needed to develop a sense of security for foreign spouses. It also has the spillover effect of benefiting their children's education. The latter is dependent on the strengthening of the concept of human rights.New residents in Taiwan also include the children, spouses, and parents of the spouses. It is right that fair treatment is given to them. With the alarming decline in birth rate in Taiwan, it is important that families and children of the new residents integrate smoothly into mainstream society to guarantee future ethnic harmony.