The origins of secret societies lie in the multi-surnamed brotherhoods and in the various secret societies that existed in Fu-chien and Kuang-tung provinces. During the transitional period between the Ming and Ch'ing Dynasties, a large influx of migrants from Fu-chien and Kwang-tung provinces entered Taiwan, bringing with them their brotherhoods. The subsequent spread of these secret societies in Taiwan was therefore more or less coupled with the development of previously uncultivated land.
The control of secret societies arose as a direct response to the concomitant problems of population mobility. Unemployed workers and itinerant vagrants from Ch'uan-chou often travelled to Chang-chou. These migrants to protect themselves began to form into multi-surnamed brotherhoods, gradually exerting their influence over the villages of Chang-chou. In response to these brotherhoods, "loyalist" groups formed, providing protection and aid against these all too powerful brotherhoods.
The Ch'ing government in order to suppress these secret societies, specifically the Heaven and Earth Society, revised their statutes. The resultant changes banned the existence of such societies. The Heaven and Earth Society immediately issued a call to arms. Ch'ing armed forces together with the help of "loyalists" and aborigines soon succeeded in quelling the insurrection. Following this, the Ch'ing government in an attempt to safeguard against any further insurgencies in Taiwan, ordered the disbanding of these "loyalists", making it illegal for them to carry out any kind of political activity or increase their military strength.
Taiwan's rice yield was large enough to support its inland population. In order to maintain the status quo the Ch'ing government made unauthorized entry into Taiwan illegal. This ensured that the population would not increase rapidly, thus placing a strain on rice production and prices and creating a demand for food from Fuchien and Che-chiang.
From this it is possible to see that the control of secret societies in Taiwan by the Ch'ing government was rather effective.