| 期刊論文1. | Mckenzie, L.(1977)。The issue of andragogy。Adult Education,27(4),225-229。 | 2. | 柴松林(198604)。社會變遷的方向與自我發展的方向。師大校刊,260,16-24。 延伸查詢 | 3. | Beer, A.M.(1980)。Adult Education: Why Adults Continue their Education in Ontario, with Particular Emphasis on the Experiences of Part Time Students at Atkinson College, York Universities。Dissertation Abstracts International,41(6),2771。 | 4. | Berkowitz, B.(1965)。Changes in Intellect with Age: IV Changes in Achievement and Survival in Older People。Journal of Genetic Psychology,107,3-14。 | 5. | Booth, A.(1961)。A Demographic Consideration of Non- Participation。Adult Education,11(4),223-229。 | 6. | Boshier, R.(1973)。Educational Participation and Dropout: A Theoretical Model。Adult Education Quarterly,23(4),255-282。 | 7. | Boshier, R.(1976)。Factor Analysis at Large Group: A Critical Review of the Motivational Orientation Literature。Adult Education,27(1),24-47。 | 8. | Boshier, R.(1978)。Education Participation Scale Factors Structure for Older Adults。Adult Education,28(3),165-175。 | 9. | Botsman, P.B.(1975)。An Analysis of the Continuing Education Interests and Needs of Blue Collar Factory。Dissertation Abstracts International,36(4)。 | 10. | Bowels, N.L.、Poon, L. W.(1982)。An Analysis of the Effect of Aging on Recognition Memory。Journal of Gerontology,37,212-219。 | 11. | Brookfield, S. D.(1981)。Independent Adult Learning。Studies in Adult Education,13(1),15-27。 | 12. | Buckley, P.G.(1979)。The Adult Student Returning to Higher Education in an Urban Community College。Dissertation Abstracts International,40(5),2497。 | 13. | Calson, R.A.(1979)。The Time of Andragogy。Adult Education,30(1),53-57。 | 14. | Cameron, P.(1975)。Mood as an Indicant of Happiness: Age, Sex, Social Class, and Situational Differences。Journal of Gerontology,30(2),216-224。 | 15. | Coleman, L.M.、Antonucci, T.C.(1983)。Impact of Work on Women at Midlife。Developmental Psychology,19,290-294。 | 16. | Dickinson, G.、Clark, K.M.(1975)。Learning Orientations and Participation in Self-education and Continuing。Adult Education,26(1),3-15。 | 17. | Dickinson, G.、Rusnell, D.A.(1971)。Content Analysis of Adult Education。Adult Education,21(3),177-185。 | 18. | Douglah, M.(1970)。Some Perspectives on the Phenomenon of Participation。Adult Education Quarterly,20(2),88-98。 | 19. | Dubin, S.S.(1972)。Obsolessence or Lifelong Education: A Choice for the Professional。American Psychologist,27(5),486-498。 | 20. | Elias, J. L.(1979)。Andragogy Revisited。Adult Education,29(4),252-256。 | 21. | Elsey, B.(1974)。Voluntary Organizations and Adult Education。Adult Education,46(6),391-396。 | 22. | Falaki, M.(1983)。The Relationship between Motivation of Adults and Participation in Adult Basic Education。Dissertation Abstracts International,44(4),955。 | 23. | Fozard, J.L.、Popkin, S.J.(1978)。Optimizing Adult Development: Ends and Means of an Applied Psychology of Aging。American Psychologist,33,975-989。 | 24. | Gaitz, C.M.、Baer, D.E.(1971)。Characteristics of Elderly Patients with Alcoholism。Archives of General Psychiatry,24,372-378。 | 25. | Ghedal, A.(1978)。Some Characteristics and Motivation Patterns of University Continuing Education Participation in Ethiopia。Dissertation Abstracts International,39(12),607。 | 26. | Glustrom, M.(1983)。Educational Needs and Motivations of Non High School Graduate Adults Not in Participating Programs。Lihelong Learning,19-21。 | 27. | Grigsby, M.G.(1981)。Motivation of Adults in Noncredit College Courses。Dissertation Abstracts International,41(4),1426。 | 28. | Grossberg, M.F.(1981)。Re-entry Woman: An Analysis of Selected Variables Related to their Re-entry Decision。Dissertation Abstracts International,41(9),3838。 | 29. | Holley, S.J.(1981)。Adult Development Characteristic and Motivational Antecedents to Participating in Higher Education。Dissertation Abstracts International,42(3),1060。 | 30. | Hyde, J.S.、Phillis, D.E.(1979)。Androgyny across the life Span。Developmental Psychology,15,334-336。 | 31. | Kozma, A.、Stones, M.J.(1983)。Predictors of Happiness。Journal of Gerontology,38,626-628。 | 32. | Larson, R.(1978)。Thirty Years of Research on the Subjective Well Being of Her Americans。Journal of Gerontology,33,109-125。 | 33. | Long, J.A.(1982)。Participation and Motivational Orientation of Adults Enrolled in G.E.D. Preparation and Credit High School Completion Programs。Dissertation Abstracts International,43(6),1794。 | 34. | Madsen, D.H.(1977)。A Multivariate Examination of the Motivational Orientation of Urban, Adult College Students。Dissertation Abstracts International,38(4),1821。 | 35. | Mansfield, R.M.(1976)。The Relationship of .Selected Demographic Characteristics to Participation in Continuing Education Programs。Dissertation Abstracts International,37(6),3343。 | 36. | McCare, R.R.、Costa, P.T.(1983)。Psychological Maturity and Subjective Woll-Being: Toward New Synthsis。Development Psychology,19,243-248。 | 37. | McGran, E.D.(1983)。Older Adult Learners: Reasons and Preferences for Participating in Organized Learning Activity。Dissertation Abstracts International,43(12),3782。 | 38. | Merrian, S.、Mallins, L.(1981)。Havighurt's Adult Development Tasks: A Study of Their Importance Relative to Income, Age, and Sex。Adult Education,31(3),123-141。 | 39. | Mezirow, J.(1971)。Toward a Theory of Practice。Adult Education,21(3),135-147。 | 40. | Moore, L. M.、Nielsen, C.R.、Mistretta, C.M.(1982)。Sucrose Taste Thoesholds: Age-Related Differences。Journal of Gerontology,37,64-69。 | 41. | Neugarten, B. L.(1979)。Time, Age and Life Cycle。American Journal of Psychiatry,136(7),887-894。 | 42. | Okun, M.A.、Preisto, L.J.(1979)。Prominent Contributors to the Field of Adult Education。Lifelong Learning,2(5),14-16。 | 43. | Owens, W. A.(1966)。Age and Mental Abilities: A Second Adult Follow-up。Journal of Educational Psychology,57,311-325。 | 44. | Penland, P. R.(1979)。Self-Initiated Learning。Adult Education,29(3),170-179。 | 45. | Poulton, C.B.(1975)。The Relationship of Adult Participation Continuing Education Activities to Certain Demographic and Positional Characteristics, Orientation toward Learning and Orientation toward Continuing Education Institutions。Dissertation Abstracts International,36(5),3336-A。 | 46. | Rees, J. N.、Botwinick, J.(1971)。Detection and Decision Factors in Auditory Behavior of the Elderly。Journal of Gerontology,26,133-136。 | 47. | Richard, L. H.(1972)。An Analysis of the Relationship of Age and Occupation to Adult Participation in the Continuing Education Program of a Rural Community College。Dissertation Abstracts International,33(4),2682。 | 48. | Smith, P.R.(1980)。Educational Needs and Interests of Adults in Roman County, Kentucky。Dissertation Abstracts International,40(8),4357-4358。 | 49. | Stanley, U.(1973)。Mitivational Factors of Adult Learners in a Directed Self-Study Bachelorâs Degree Program。Dissertation Abstracts International,34(3),1052。 | 50. | Thode, T.(1978)。Factors in Educational Choices of Older and Retired Adults in San Jose and Vicinity。Dissertation Abstracts International,38(12),7178。 | 51. | Zacks, R.T.(1982)。Encoding Strategies Used by Young and Elderly Adults in a Keeping Track Task。Journal of Gerontology,37,203-211。 | 52. | Conti, G. J.(1985)。Assessing teaching style in adult education: How and why。Lifelong Learning: The Adult Years,8(8),7-11+28。 | 53. | Gould, R. L.(1975)。Adult Life Stages: Growth Toward Self-Tolerance。Psychology Today,8(2),74-78。 | 54. | Burgess, P.(1971)。Reasons for Adult Participation in Group Educational Activities。Adult Education Quarterly,22(1),3-29。 | 55. | Boshier, R.(1971)。Motivational Orientations of Adult Education Participation: A Factor Analytic Exploration of Holeâs Typology。Adult Education,21(2),3-26。 | 56. | Morstain, B.、Smart, J. C.(1974)。Reasons of Participation in Adult Education Courses: A Multivariate Analysis of Group Differences。Adult Education,24(2),83-98。 | 57. | Hiemstra, R.(1972)。Continuing education for the aged: A survey of needs and interests of older people。Adult Education,22,100-109。 | 58. | Lavoie, J. C.(1976)。Ego identity formation in middle adolescence。Journal of Youth and Adolescence,5,371-385。 | 59. | Mezirow, J.(1981)。A Critical theory of Adult Learning and Education。Adult Education,32(1),3-27。 | 60. | Boshier, R.(1977)。Motivational Orientations Re-visited: Life-space Motives and the Education Participation Scale。Adult Education,27(2),89-115。 | 61. | Tough, A. M.(1966)。The Assistance Obtained by Adult Self-Teachers。Adult Education Quarterly,17(1),30-37。 | 62. | Tough, A. M.(1978)。Major learning efforts: recent research and future directions。Adult Education,28(4),250-263。 | 會議論文1. | Boshier, R.、Collins, J.B.(1983)。The Houle Typology after Twenty-two Years: A Large Empirical Test。the Annual Meeting of the American Education Research Association。Montreal, Canada.。 | 研究報告1. | Tough, A.(1979)。Choosing to Learn。Washington, D.C:National Institute of Education。 | 學位論文1. | Allerton, T.D.(1974)。Selected Characteristics of the Learning Projects Pursued by Parish Ministers in the Louisville Mettropolitan Area(博士論文)。University of Georgia.。 | 2. | Armstrong, D.(1971)。Adult Learners of Low Educational Attainment: The Self-Concepts, Background, and Educative Behavior of Average and High Learning Adults of Low Educational Attainment(博士論文)。University of Toronto。 | 3. | Benson, F.B.(1974)。Learning Projects of Selected Administrators in Tennessee College and Universities(博士論文)。University of Tennessee。 | 4. | Conti, G.J.(1978)。Principles of Adult Learning Scale: An Intrument for Measuring Teacher Behavior Related to the Collaborative Teaching-Learning Mode.(博士論文)。Illinois Northern University。 | 5. | Haag, U.(1970)。Psychological Foundations of Motive for Participation in Adult Education(碩士論文)。University of British of Columbia。 | 6. | John, W.E.(1974)。Selected Characteristic of the Learning Projects Pursued by Practicing Pharmacists(博士論文)。University of Georgia.。 | 7. | Joseph, H.J.(1980)。The Influence of Selected Socio-Demographic Factors and Motivational Orientation on Enrollment Persistence of Adult Part-Time Students in University Courses(博士論文)。North Carolina State University at Raleigh。 | 8. | Kelley, N.E.(1976)。A Comparative Study of Professionally Related Learning Projects of Secondary School Teachers(碩士論文)。Cornell University。 | 9. | Marple, D.J.(1969)。Motivational Tendencies of Women Participants in Continuing Education(博士論文)。University of Columbia。 | 10. | McCatty, C.(1973)。Patterns of Learning Projects Among Professional Men(博士論文)。University of Toronto,Toronto。 | 11. | Miller, N.(1977)。Teachers and Non-Teaching Professionals as Self-Directed Learners(碩士論文)。Cornell University。 | 12. | Morris, J.F.(1797)。The Planning Behavior and Conceptual Complexity of Selected Clergyman in Self-Directed Learning Projects Related to Their Continuing Professional Education(博士論文)。University of Toronto。 | 13. | Ordors, D. G.(1980)。Models for Motivation for Participation in Adult Education(博士論文)。University of Minnesota。 | 14. | Rymell, R.G.(1981)。Learning Projects Pursued by Adult Degreed Engineers(碩士論文)。North Texas State University。 | 15. | Governanti, M. P.(1980)。A Study of the Motivational Orientations of Adults Attending a Comprehensive Community College(博士論文)。Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University。 | 圖書1. | Well, L. E.、Marwell, G.(1976)。Self-esteem: Its conceptualization and measurement。Beverly Hills, CA。 | 2. | Miller, H. L.(1964)。Teaching and learning in adult education。NY:Macmillan。 | 3. | 行政院衛生署(1988)。民國76年衛生統計。行政院衛生署。 延伸查詢 | 4. | 黃富順(1988)。比較成人敎育。臺北:五南圖書出版公司。 延伸查詢 | 5. | 鄭肇楨(1987)。最新心理學。臺北縣:文帥出版有限公司。 延伸查詢 | 6. | 放送大學(1985)。放送大學通訊。 延伸查詢 | 7. | Anderson, R. E.、Darkenwald, G. G.(1979)。Participation and Persistence in American Adult Education。New York:College Board。 | 8. | Anderson, D.、Neimi, J. A.(1969)。Adult Education and the Disadvantaged Adult。Syracuse, N.Y.:ERIC Clearinghouse on Adult Education。 | 9. | Apps, J.W.(1981)。The Adult Learner on Compus: A Guide for Instructors and Administrators。Chicago:Follett。 | 10. | Aslanian, C. B.、Bridkell, H. M.(1980)。Americans in Transition: Life Changes as Reasons for Adult Learning。New York:Future Directions for a Learning Society, College Board。 | 11. | Bischof, L. J.(1976)。Adult Psychology。New York:Harper & Row。 | 12. | Botwinick, J.(1981)。We Are Aging。New York:Springer Publishing Company。 | 13. | Boyt, D.P.(1975)。Appraisol of Interest in Continuing Education Opportunities Among Kansas Adults。Manhattan:State Education Commission of Kansas and Kansas Board of Reqeuts。 | 14. | Brundage, D. H.、Mackeracher, D.(1980)。Adult Learning Principles and Their Application to Program Planning。Toronto, Ontario:Ministry of Education。 | 15. | Chickering, W.、Associates(1981)。The Modern American College。San Francisce:Jossey-Bass。 | 16. | Coolican, P.M.(1974)。Self-Planned Learning: Implications for the Future of Adult Education。Syracuse, N.Y:Educational Policy Research Center, Syracuse University- Research Corporation。 | 17. | Crose, K.P.(1986)。Adults as Learners。San Francisco:Jossey-Bass。 | 18. | Erikson, E. H.(1980)。Identity and the Lifecycle, Reissue。New York:Norton。 | 19. | Ferguson, M.(1980)。The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in the 1980s。Los Angeles:J.P. Tarcher。 | 20. | Golladay, M.A.(1977)。The Condition of Education, Vol. Three, Part One。Washington, D.C.:National Center for Education Statistics。 | 21. | Hiemstra, R.(1975)。The Older Adult。Lincoln:Department of Adult and Continuing Education, University of Nebraska。 | 22. | Hilgard, Ernest R.、Bower, Gordon H.(1966)。Theories of Learning。New York:Appleton-Century-Crofts。 | 23. | Howe, M.J.A.(1977)。Adult Learning: Psychological Research and Application。London:Wiley。 | 24. | Hultsch, D.F.(1981)。Adult Development and Aging: A Life-Span Perspective。New York:McGrow Hill。 | 25. | Johnson, V.、Levine, H.、Rosenthal, E.L.(1977)。Learning Projects of Unemployed Adults in New Jersey。New Brunswick, N.J:Labor Education Center, Rutgers University。 | 26. | Johnstone, J. W.、Rivera, R. J.(1965)。Volunteers for Learning。Chicago:Aldine。 | 27. | Knox, A. B.(1977)。Adult Development and Learning。San Francisco, California:Jossey-Bass。 | 28. | Knowles, M. S.(1978)。The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species。Huston:Gult。 | 29. | Lefrancois, G.R.(1972)。Psychological Theories and Human Learning: Kongorys Report。California:Brooke/Cole。 | 30. | Lenz, E.(1982)。The Art of Teaching Adults。New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston。 | 31. | Lerner, R.M.(1983)。Human Development: A Life-Span Perspective。New York:McGrow Hill。 | 32. | Levinson, D.J.、Darrow, C.N.、Klein, E.B.、Levinson, M.H.、McKee, B.。The Seasons of a Man's Life。New York:Knopf。 | 33. | Lovell, R.B.(1983)。Adult Learning。New York:John Wiley & Sons。 | 34. | Maddox, G. L.(1987)。The Encyclopedia of Aging。New York:Springer Publishing company。 | 35. | McNeil, E.B.(1981)。The Psychology of Being Human。San Francisco:Canfield。 | 36. | Medsker, L.(1975)。Extending Opportunities for a College Degree: Practices。Berkelly:Center for Research and Development in Higher Education, University of California.。 | 37. | National Advisory Council on Adult Education(1980)。Tear ms, Definitions, Organizations and Councils Associated with Adult Learning。NACAE。 | 38. | National Center for Education Statstics(1978)。Preliminary Data, Participation in Adult Education。Washington, D.C.:Office of Education, US Department of Health, Education and Welfare。 | 39. | Penland, P.(1977)。Individual Self-planned Learning in America。Washington, D.C.:Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare。 | 40. | Peterson, R.E.(1979)。Lifelong Learning in America。San Francisco: Jossey-Bass。 | 41. | Rice, F. P.(1986)。Adult Development and Aging。Boston, MA:Allyn and Bacon。 | 42. | Rogers, D.(1986)。The Adult Years。Englewood Cliffs:Prentice-Hall。 | 43. | Smith, B.O.(1961)。Language and Concepts in Education。Chicago:Rand McNally。 | 44. | Sosdian, C.P.、Sharp, L.M.(1978)。The External Degree as a Credential: Graduates, Experiences in Employment and Further Study。Washington, D.C.:National Institude of Education。 | 45. | Tough, A.(1979)。The Adult's Learning Projects。Toronto:Ontario Institute for Studies in Education。 | 46. | Troll, L.E.(1982)。Continuations: Adult Development and Aging。Monterey:Books/Cole。 | 47. | Turner, J.S.(1986)。Contemporary Adulthood。New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston。 | 48. | Verner, C.(1971)。Psychological Factors in Adult Learning and Institution。Tallahassee:Adult Educational Research Information Processing Center, Florida State University.。 | 49. | (1973)。Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary。G&C Merrian Company。 | 50. | Bown, L.、Okedara, J. T.(1981)。An Introduction to the Study of Adult Education。Lbadan:University Press Limited。 | 51. | Wain, K.(1987)。Philosophy of lifelong education。Croom Helm Ltd.。 | 52. | Houle, Cyril O.(1961)。The inquiring mind: A study of the adult who continues to learn。Madison, Wisconsin:University of Wisconsin Press。 | 53. | Legge, D.(1982)。The Education of Adults in Britain。England:The Open University Press。 | 54. | Smith, R. M.(1982)。Learning How to Learn: Applied Learning Theory for Adults。New York:Cambridge。 | 55. | Knowles, M.(1980)。The modern practice of adult education: from ped- agogy to andragogy.。Englewood cliffs, NJ:Cambridge Adult Education.。 | 56. | Feist, J.(1985)。Theories of Personality。New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston。 | 57. | 張春興(1976)。心理學。臺北:東華。 延伸查詢 | 58. | Miller, H. L.(1967)。Participation of Adults in Education: A Force-field Analysis。Boston:Center for the Study of Liberal Education for Adults, Boston University。 | 59. | Knowles, Malcolm S.(1970)。The modern practice of adult education: Androgogy versus pedagogy。New York:Association Press。 | 60. | Havighurst, R. J.(1972)。Development Tasks and Education。New York:Mckay。 | 61. | Darkenwald, Gordon G.、Merriam, Sharan B.(1982)。Adult education: Foundations of practice。New York:Harper & Row。 | 62. | Erikson, E.H.(1982)。The Lifecycle Completed。New York:Norton。 | 63. | Bigner, J. J.(1983)。Human Development。New York:Macmillian。 | 64. | Schiamberg, L. B.(1985)。Human development。New York:Macmillan。 | 65. | Kidd, J. R.(1973)。How adults learn。New York:C. N. Y. panambridge。 | 66. | Gould, R. L.(1978)。Transformations: Growth and Change in Adult Life。New York:Simon & Schuster。 | 67. | Knowles, Malcolm S.(1975)。Self-directed learning: a guide for learners and teachers。Association Press。 | 68. | 溫世頌(1978)。教育心理學。臺北:三民書局。 延伸查詢 | 69. | Gage, N. L.(1963)。Handbook of research on teaching。Chicago, IL:Rand McNally。 | 70. | 張東峰、鄭伯壎(1981)。心理學。臺北:桂冠圖書公司。 延伸查詢 | 71. | Faure, E.(1972)。Learning to Be: The world of Education, Today and Tomorrow。Paris:Unesco。 | 72. | Hutchins, R. M.(1968)。The Learning Society。New York:Britannica。 | 73. | Perlmutter, M.、Hall, E.(1985)。Adult development and aging。New York:John Wiley & Sons。 | 74. | 黃富順(1985)。成人的學習動機--成人參與繼續教育動機取向之探討。高雄市:復文圖書出版社。 延伸查詢 | 75. | Long, H.-B.(1983)。Adult learning: Research and practice。The Adult Education Company。 | 76. | Hurlock, E. B.(1980)。Developmental psychology。New York:McGraw-Hill。 | 77. | Brookfield, S. D.(1987)。Understanding and facilitating adult learning。San Francisco:Jossey Bass。 | 78. | Knowles, M. S.(1984)。The adult learner: A neglected species。Gulf Publishing Company。 | 79. | Cropley, A. J.(1980)。Towards a System of Lifelong Education。Oxford:Pergamon Press。 | 80. | 劉安彥(1978)。心理學。臺北:三民書局。 延伸查詢 | 81. | Knowles, Malcolm S.(1984)。Andragogy in action: Applying modern principles of adult learning。Jossey-Bass Publishers。 | 82. | 郭生玉(1985)。心理與教育訓練。台北:精華書局。 延伸查詢 | 其他1. | 劉頤(19880604)。男性中年結。 延伸查詢 | 2. | Keogh, L. D.(1980)。An Exploration of Factors Motivating Adult Students to Return to College。 | 圖書論文1. | Thoame, H.(1980)。Personality and Adjustment to aging。Handbook of Mental health and aging。Englewood Cliffs, N. J.:Prentice-Hall。 | 2. | 楊國賜(1982)。成人敎育。比較敎育。臺北:五南圖書出版公司。 延伸查詢 | 3. | Booth, N.(1979)。Information Resource Utilization Patterns and the Learning Efforts of Low-Income Urban Adults。Proceedings of the Adult Education Research Conference。Ann Arbor:University of Michigan。 | 4. | Boshier, R.、Peter, J.M.(1978)。Adults Needs, Interests & Motives。Materials and Methods in Continuing Education。Los Angeles:Klevens。 | 5. | Carp, A.、Peterson, R.、Roelfs, P.(1976)。Adult Learning Interests and Experiences。Planning Non-Traditional Programs: An Analysis of the Issues for Postsecondary Education。San Francisco:Jossey-Bass。 | 6. | Chiriboga, D.、Thurnher, M.(1976)。Concept of Self。Four Stages of Life。San Francisco:Jossey-Bass.。 | 7. | Conti, G.J.(1979)。Principles of Adult Learning Scale。Proceedings of the Adult Education Research Conference。Ann Arbor:University of Michigan。 | 8. | Conti, G.J.(1983)。Principles of Adult Scale: Follow-up and Factor Analysis。Proceedings of the Adult Education Research Analysis。Concordia University。 | 9. | Corso, J.F.(1977)。Auditory Perception and Communication。Handbook of the Psychology of Aging。New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold。 | 10. | Cross. K.P.(1979)。Adult Learning: Characteristics, Needs and Interests。Lifelong Learning in America: An Overview of Current Practice, Available Resources and Future Prospects。San Francisco:Jossey-Bass。 | 11. | Gibb, J. R.(1960)。Learning Theory in Adult Education。Handbook of Adult Education in the United States。Adult Association of the U. S. A.。 | 12. | Grabowsk, S.M.(1978)。Motivational & Participation Patterns。In C. Klevins Materials and Methods in Continuing Education。Los Angeles:Klevens。 | 13. | Havighurst, R. J.、Chickering, A. W.(1981)。The Life Cycle。The Modern American College。San Francisco:Jossey-Bass。 | 14. | Hill,W.F.(1964)。Contemporary Developments within Stimulus- Response Learning Theory。Chapter 2.Theories of Learning and Instruction. National Society for the Study of Education.63rd Yearbook。 | 15. | Houle, C. O.(1979)。Motivation and Participation with Special Reference to Non-Traditional Forms of Study。Learning Opportunity for Adult: The Non-Participation Issue。Paris:OECD。 | 16. | Houle, C. O.(1984)。The Design of Education。Selected Writings on Philosophy and Adult Education。Malabar:Robert E. 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