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題名:擄人勒贖犯罪及其偵查預防策略之研究
作者:蔡俊章
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:侯崇文
黃富源
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2007
主題關鍵詞:擄人勒贖犯罪手法專案小組回訪制度即時救援機制偵查策略預防策略
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(2) 博士論文(1) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
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  • 點閱點閱:55
近年來,暴力與狡詐結合型態案件遽增,不僅消耗龐大的社會成本,許多駭人聽聞的案件更加深了民眾的被害恐懼感,其中尤以擄人勒贖案件最為嚴重。例如民國76年學童陸○被綁架撕票案、86年白○○遭綁架撕票案、95年○○礦泉水董事長陳○○遭綁架案,以及張○○、林○○犯罪集團所犯下之擄人勒贖案,均造成國內治安的危機。
本研究認為有必要針對被綁架者及其家屬,研析他們對於歹徒勒贖的反應與心理狀態,以便警察人員日後偵辦此類案件,能順利與被綁架者家屬溝通,進而與歹徒周旋、營救人質及偵破案件。再者,家庭結構或教養不當已被認為與犯罪具有密切關係。因此,本研究特別針對擄人勒贖案件犯罪者成長、人格發展、交友、犯罪過程深入探究,研擬有效預防及偵查策略。期盼本論文可成為此類犯罪本土性研究先驅,研究發現與成果提供實務界及學術界參酌。
本研究運用文獻探討、深度訪談、問卷調查及焦點團體等法,自94年7月蒐集文獻資料至96年6月論文完成,總計二年,本論文合計十章,全文50萬餘字,研究發現如下:
一、擄人勒贖犯罪者之心理及行為歷程,約可分類為下列三種情形:
(一)個人有愛玩叛逆和低自我肯定的特質,由於家庭問題、學習挫折、社會影響及同儕引誘,而產生偏差行為,再因標籤化,無法擺脫污名,而犯擄人勒贖案件。
(二)個人不一定具有愛玩叛逆和低自我肯定的特質,因朋友同儕引誘,無法以合法之方式贏取自己需求,而犯擄人勒贖罪行。
(三)個人年幼時,雖不一定具有愛玩叛逆和低自我肯定的特質,但成年後,受迫於生活困頓,無法以合法方式獲得經濟需求,只好以暴力犯案。
根據本研究結果,形成此類犯罪之其主要原因,在於個人的自我觀念。畢竟,具有自我肯定感之人可以自我提升,而以合法之方式取得權力,達到自我實現的目標。
二、擄人勒贖犯罪者犯罪生涯及自我觀念之發展歷程,多數是從「青少年前期」國中階段(約12-15歲)開始變壞,逐漸惡化;其自我觀的演變,依序為文靜乖巧、愛玩叛逆、價值扭曲、追求自利、滿足自我需求、不顧他人權益;偏差行為則從抽菸、喝酒、翹課、翹家、打架等較輕微暴力行為,演變為偷竊、威脅、恐嚇、飆車、傷害、逼討債務等之犯罪行為;最後,產生擄人勒贖、搶劫、強盜殺人等重大犯罪之暴力行為。
三、專案小組召集人對於專案小組成員,應依案件性質及所需偵查策略,妥適籌組。且在遴選專案小組成員時,必須評估偵查人員專業能力,適當指派任務,以達到人盡其才之目標。專案小組成員應相互合作,團結一致。
四、警察機關接獲檢舉情報時,應加以分類,由專案小組適當處理查證。
五、現場跡證勘察非常重要,警察詳細縝密的蒐證是破案關鍵之一。偵辦擄人勒贖專案小組之偵查成員,必須與現場勘察人員保持密切互動;鑑識人員可將現場蒐集、勘察及檢驗的情形,提供偵查方向及認罪所需證據。
六、科技運用有利偵破新興犯罪案件,尤其是擄人勒贖案件。而科技器材項目至少應包括:(一)通信監察;(二)監視錄影器材;(三)衛星定位系統;(四)DNA比對;(五)指紋比對;(六)現場跡證之採驗;(七)染鈔裝置;(八)即時救援機制;(九)其他(例如電腦網路IP、ETC等等)。
針對上述研究發現,本論文提出以下建議:
一、在犯罪調查思維模式,可參考5C邏輯順序(分別為蒐集collecting、檢驗checking、思考considering、連結connecting和建構constructing),並整合「方法模式」、「挑戰模式」、「技巧模式」和「風險模式」。
二、警察未來偵查策略之重點,可分為七項主軸:(一)偵查情報管理;(二)與被害者及家屬建立信賴關係;(三)執行偵查逮捕策略;(四)專案小組之組織管理與獎懲制度;(五)新聞媒體政策;(六)警察教育訓練;(七)有效解決資通科技犯罪。
三、警察偵辦擄人勒贖案件五個方針,可分為:(一)辨識出特殊犯罪問題;(二)分析導致犯罪發生的情境;(三)有系統阻止犯罪機會;(四)採取最有效及可行之偵查策略;(五)偵查策略必須經過嚴謹科學之評估。
四、建立兩岸四地犯罪情報交流機制,儘速加強下列兩項合作議題:(一)構築打擊犯罪情報交流機制;(二)常態化警政交流,建立合作模式。
五、警方與歹徒談判,涉及危機處理問題,本研究提出下列建議:(一)確認主要的談判對象(與首謀談判),避免浪費時間,並建立暢通溝通管道;(二)儘速蒐集完整情報資訊;(三)使用拖延戰術,以利攻堅救人或增加人質生存機會;(四)設法穩定嫌犯情緒,避免人質遭傷害;(五)適當回應歹徒要求,以建立良好溝通關係;(六)必要時使用勸服或投降之技巧。
六、人質被綁架期間,本研究建議人質應:(一)放低姿態傾聽綁架者意見,並顯示同意狀,博得歹徒好感;(二)保持求生意志;(三)隨時做好求救及脫逃之準備;(四)不任意食用歹徒提供之食物,但必須吃維持生命機能所需食物;(五)與歹徒稱兄道弟,假裝與黑道熟識,以避免遭到傷害;(六)告訴歹徒,殺害人質無益處,留下人質生路,可以協助其取得贖金,日後會報答不殺之恩;(七)佯稱生病,博取同情;(八)避免爭執或哭鬧,冷靜面對。
七、警察受理「行方不明」、「外出未歸」等案件時,應持「有可能是綁架案」之觀念,做適當的研判處理。不可過於聽信關係人陳述內容,必須注意此類案件之隱密性,多方面調查、分析研判,以免錯失救援機會。
八、警察與被害人家屬互動時,應充分體諒被害者家屬心情,適切說明警方之偵查作為。案件偵破或結束後,並鼓勵家屬堅強地走出陰霾。
九、本研究建議政府與刑事司法體系採取相關作為,包括:(一)警察機關:以保護人質安全為最高原則、積極處理、教導被害人與歹徒談判、建立標準作業流程、與媒體溝通;(二)檢察官應與警察、被害者家屬及媒體等合作與溝通,將嫌犯羈押、起訴,求處重刑;(三)法官應速審速決,從重量刑;(四)矯治機構應研擬有效的矯治措施。
十、警察機關與媒體互動,應遵循下列五項原則:(一)偵查不公開原則;(二)新聞之採訪及報導,應本良知良心原則;(三)警方主動與媒體溝通,達到被害人、警方、媒體三贏原則;(四)偵查策略勿全部完整報導;(五)被害人及其家屬隱私應保密。
十一、廣泛運用科技安全監控:(一)贖金內加裝染鈔裝置;(二)推動全國監錄系統整合工作。
十二、保護自身安全預防被害措施,建議加強作為:(一)運用資通科技,強化自身安全措施;(二)更換住家門鎖、監視器或聘請保全人員保護安全;(三)儘量勿炫耀自身的財富、暴露金錢或貴重物品;(四)住宅附近及屋內裝上監視器,房屋周邊申請路燈等。
十三、建立擄人勒贖犯罪「被害者及其家屬回訪制度」,一方面重視被害人及其家屬的心理回復;另一方面關懷其事後對治安的看法與需求。
十四、建立E911即時救援機制,以防範人質被害或立即找到被害人遭藏匿處所。
十五、為預防綁架,應加強社會空間與心理面之策略:(一)社會空間面:加強空間管理,提高監視性與領域性,避免空間死角、時間死角、心理死角與社會死角;增加犯罪所需功夫與犯罪風險,提升預防功效;(二)社會心理面:匿名性高的都市較易產生犯罪,應強化都市的社會關係,避免個人主義,以降低潛在犯罪人與犯罪誘因,有效抑制犯罪者犯罪之衝動。
Abstract
In recent years, the sharp increase of crimes which combine both violence and fraud has not only expended enormous social costs, but also intensified fear among the general public. Of all criminal types, kidnapping/abduction stands out as the most severe. Examples include 1987’s Lu and 1997’s Pai abduction cases; both resulted in the death of the victim. More recent are the 2006 Chen abduction case—in which the chairman of a mineral water company was kidnapped—and other cases conducted by the criminal associates of Chang & Lin. All these incidents have threatened public safety and endangered domestic security.
This research will analyze the reaction, response and mental condition of the kidnapped victims and their families. The results will be used by the police to 1) better understand and communicate with future victims and their families; and 2) better negotiate with the criminal to rescue the hostages and crack the case.
In addition, this research will explore the relationship between family structure and criminal behavior. Past studies depict a close relationship between broken family structures or improper upbringing with criminal behavior. Therefore, this research will further examine the upbringing environs, personality development, peer association, and modus operandi of past kidnappers, to ensure more effective crime prevention and investigation. This study is considered pioneering work in the field of domestic criminology and its results will become useful future references in academia and for field practice.
This research is a compilation of literature reviews, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and forums. The collection and writing phases of this dissertation lasted for approximately two years, from July 2005 to June 2007. There are ten chapters and more than 500,000 words in the full text.
The dissertation results are summarized as follows:
1. The psychology and behavior patterns of abduction criminals fall into the following three categories:
(1) Rebellious propensity and low self-esteem: Individuals may derive their deviant behavior from family problems, academic frustration, social influence, and peer pressure. The Stigma Effect labels the individual, thus making him/her more prone to recommit a crime.
(2) High peer pressure: Individuals may not have deviant personality as mentioned above, but may still commit a crime due to peer pressure.
(3) Dire living conditions: Individuals may not have propensity to rebellion and low self-esteem as mentioned above, but may have endured hardships during their growing up, therefore, chooses to use violence to satisfy his/her wishes.
2. Observing the self-image development of abduction criminals, one can see that most of them go astray during the earlier phase of their adolescence. Teenagers (around 12-15 years old) start out their earlier years with good behavior, then go on to become rebellious, holding twisted values and fulfilling selfish pursuits. They initially developed slightly harmful behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, class-skipping, home-skipping and fighting, but gradually these behavior patterns turn into serious problem such as theft, threats, gang speeding, battery, and others. In the end, they become capable of committing serious felonies such as kidnapping, robbery, burglary and murder.
3. The case leader for police task force groups working on each abduction case should organize the personnel according to the situation and investigative strategy of each case. While selecting task force members, it is necessary to assess their professional ability and assign the tasks according to each person’s specialty. The group members should cooperate with each other and develop teamwork.
4. When the police receive criminal information or a tip-off, they should classify it and refer it to the task force for further investigation.
5. The evidence collection at the crime scene is very important. A detailed collection on the police’s part holds on the keys cracking a case. The task force group members should have good communication with the detectives on site because the detectives can provide collection items and conduct tests as proof for further prosecution.
6. Adequate use of investigation technology is very effective in cracking recent, especially, kidnapping cases. Each technology equipment should at least includes (1) the capability for correspondence monitoring ; (2) The capability for audio and video monitoring ; (3) Global position system (GPS); (4) The capability to compare DNA ; (5) The capability to compare fingerprints; (6) The capability to collect crime scene evidence ; (7) Money-dying device; (8) Immediate response rescue mechanism; (9) Others ( e.g., computer network IP, ETC, etc.)
In light of the aforementioned findings, this dissertation proposes the following suggestions:
First, use the 5C logic sequence (Collecting, Checking, Considering, Connecting and Constructing.) as guidelines for the investigation process. Along with the 5Cs, combine “the method model ', the challenge model, ' the skill model ' and ' the risk model ' when tackling a case.
Second, use seven main principles as the investigation strategies in the future: (1) Apply good information management; (2) Establish trust between the victim and his/her family; (3) Execute investigation strategies; (4) Establish an incentive and disciplinary system based on task force members’ performance; (5) Establish a mass media policy; (6) Educate and train the police force; (7) Efficiently solve IT-related crimes.
Third, use five directives during the investigation of an abduction case: (1) Identify the key elements of the crime; (2) Analyze the impetus leading to the act; (3) Prevent the crime with a systematic approach; (4) Adopt the most effective and feasible investigation tactics; (5) Evaluate the investigation policy through meticulous scientific methodology.
Fourth, provide a way for communication between Taiwan and other Asian countries to facilitate the following implementations: (1) A crime-combating information exchange system; and (2) A standard procedure for communication between police forces in different countries.
Fifth, provide a proper crisis management system during negotiations with the kidnapper. Here are some suggestions: (1) Confirm the identity of the master mind behind the crime; do not waste time with the peripheral perpetrators; set up channels for good communication; (2) Collect the information of the complete story as quickly as possible; (3) Use stalling tactics to increase the chance of rescuing the hostage (i.e., hostage’s survival rate); (4) Try to stabilize the criminal’s emotions to prevent the hostage from injury; (5) Respond to the criminal’s demands in a proper manner to establish good communication; (6) Dissuade the criminal from execution or surrender, if necessary.
Sixth, offer hostages ways to act during the time of abduction: (1) Lower their attitude, listen attentively and concur with the criminal’s opinions; (2) Keep the will to survive; (3) Prepare to cry for help or escape at any time; (4) Refrain from eating any food offered by the kidnapper, but try to eat enough to keep alive; (5) Feign familiarity with other gang members to avoid further harm; (6) Advise the kidnapper that by keeping hostage alive he/she has a better chance of collecting ransom money in the future; (7) Act ill to acquire some sympathy; (8) Refrain from dispute and screaming or crying; stay calm.
Seventh, upon receiving reports for “missing person” or “astray from home”, the police should immediately suspect them being a kidnapping case and react with standard procedure. Do not overly believe the information offered by related parties. Make the judgment after evaluating all aspects of the case, as to not miss any rescue opportunities.
Eighth, while interacting with the victim’s families, the police should empathize with their situation and explain the investigation procedures appropriately. After the case is closed or finished, encourage them to seek therapeutic help.
Ninth, advise the government and criminal justice system to adopt the following policies: (1) Educate future police officers to regard the security of the hostage as top priority; teach them how to deal with cases with a positive attitude, how to negotiate with the kidnapper, establish Standard Operation Procedure (SOPs) for immediate response, and communicate with the press; (2) The prosecutor should work together with the police, victim’s families and the press, to detain and prosecute the defendant ; (3) The judge should hear the case and issue judgment in a timely manner; (4) Correction facilities should implement effective correction measures.
Tenth, follow the five principles when the police are dealing with the media: (1) Keep the investigation covert from public discretion; (2) Interview and report the facts with proper media ethics; (3) Initiate communication with the press, thus creating a all-win situation of victim, the police and the media; (4) Refrain from reporting too much investigation details; (5) Actively protect the privacy of the victim and his/her families.
Eleventh, use technology extensively to monitor security: (1) Install paper money-dying device in the ransom money; (2) Promote the installations of monitoring system across the whole country.
Twelfth, exercise proper self defense and protection measures (1) Use technology gadgets to strengthen one's own safety; (2) Change household locks periodically or hire security guards; (3) Refraining from flaunting one's own wealth and exposing money or valuables; (4) Install monitors near the house and in the rooms; apply for street lamps in the neighborhoods, etc.
Thirteenth, set up a “post facto follow-up system” for the survivors and their families. Not only work on therapeutic recuperation of the victim and families but also inquire about their needs and suggestions for future domestic security policies.
Fourteenth, set up an E911 immediately response system to prevent the execution of the hostage or locate the victim in his/her abducted place.
Fifteenth, strengthen social defensive space and citizen’s awareness in order to prevent future kidnappings: (1) from the social defense space aspect: Strengthen space management by improving monitoring capabilities. Avoid blind spots in space, time, mind, and the society. Also raise the cost of crime execution and improve on prevention precautions; (2) from the citizen’s awareness aspect: strengthen social relationships within cities. Aloofness in current urban living is relatively conducive to criminal activity; therefore, it is crucial to avoid individualism to reduce potential criminals, and effectively impede their desires for felony.
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