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題名:卡爾波普論自由與民主
作者:黃德芳
作者(外文):Huang, Tefang
校院名稱:輔仁大學
系所名稱:哲學研究所
指導教授:陳文團
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:卡爾波普理性自由批判理性主義批判性的討論人民評判Karl Poppercritical rationalismcritical discussionfreedomdemocracyrationalityjudgment by the people
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卡爾.波普(Karl R. Popper, 1902-1994)以雅典偉大世代的領袖柏里克里斯(Pericles, B.C. 495-429)的「人民評判」(judgment by the people)作為理性、自由與民主的成就,認為「批判性的討論」(critical discussion)表徵出思想自由對於知識發展的重要性,知識份子若能引領「批判性的討論」成為智性風潮,使得評判形成有影響力的政治環境,將有助於民主的發展。
台灣的民主轉型正趨向穩定,自二○○四年起已陸續舉辦多場公民會議,「審議式民主」(deliberative democracy)的決策模式受到政府與學者的重視,理性的論證能力是公民參與討論的重要基礎,研究波普對於自由與民主以及「批判性的討論」和「人民評判」的論述將有助於理解理性和民主討論的關連。
本文將指出波普的「人民評判」是如何建基於知識論立場的理性和討論來產生民主價值的,論述從波普對於科學劃界的探究開始,認為知識增長的關鍵在於批判性的自覺與眾人理性的討論,而這必須仰賴思想自由和以政治自由為前提的保證,因此波普遂將理性、自由與民主關聯起來,只有在自由民主的政治環境下,人人有權、有機會透過制度參與評論,用評判來和平更替政權。論文闡述波普的批判理性主義與自由民主的關連,從波普的原典著作論述其自由與民主的概念並分析客觀知識的民主價值,最後從波普的理論省思對台灣民主的發展可以有何貢獻與啟發。
Abstract
The great leader of democracy in the Great Generation is Pericles of Athens, who formulated the principle of equality before the law and of political individualism. Karl R. Popper (1902-1994) declared Pericles is “for the Open Society” and complimented on his concept of “judgment by the people” as the achievement of rationality, freedom and democracy. Critical discussion can characterize the importance of the growth of knowledge and the freedom of thought. Once intellectuals can led the wave of critical discussions, the political environment will be changed and contribute democratic development.
Taiwan’s democratic transition has become consolidation. Taiwan has been held several citizen conferences since 2004. Deliberative democracy has received considerable attention on the decision-making process. The ability of making rational arguments is an importation foundation for citizen participation. The research of Karl Popper’s on freedom, democracy, critical discussion, and the concept of “judgment by the people” will help us to understand the connection between rationality and democratic discussion.
This dissertation will point out the connection between rationality, freedom and democracy which based on critical rationalism of epistemology can Popper make contribution to Taiwan’s democratization.
Keyword:
Karl Popper, critical rationalism, critical discussion, rationality, freedom, democracy , judgment by the people
參考書目
英文參考書目:
Karl Popper’s Works:
1945 The Open Society and Its Enemies, London: Routledge.
1957 The Poverty of Historicism, London: Routledge.
1959 The Logic of Scientific Discovery, New York: Basic Books.
1963 Conjectures and Refutations, London: Routledge.
1972 Objective Knowledge, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1988 The Open Universe, London: Routledge.
1992 Realism and the Aim of Science, London: Routledge
1992 In Search of a Better World, London: Routledge.
1992 Unended Quest, London: Routledge.
1994 Knowledge and the Body-Mind Problem, London: Routledge.
1998 The World of Parmenides, London: Routledge.
1999 All Life is Problem Solving, London: Routledge.
2000 The Lesson of this Century, London: Routledge.
2009 The Two Fundamental Problems of the Theory of Knowledge, London: Routledge.

Books:
Ackermann, R. J. The Philosophy of Karl Popper, University of Massachusetts Press, 1976.
Burke, T. E. The Philosophy of Popper, Manchester University Press, 1983.
Chaudhury, Mahasweta. Bounds of Freedom: Popper, Liberty and Ecological Rationality, Rodopi-NY: New York, 2004.
Cornforth, Maurice Campbell. The Open Philosophy and The Open Society: A Reply to Dr. Karl Popper’s Refutations of Marxism, International: New York, 1968.
F. A. Von. Hayek
The Road to Serfdom, Chicago: University of Chicago, 1944.
The Constitution of Liberty, Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1960.
Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1967.
Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Vol. I, Rules and Order, London: Routledge, 1973.
Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Vol. II, The Mirage of Social Justice, London: Routledge, 1976.
New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Idea, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978.
Law, Legislation and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, Vol. III, The Political Order of a Free People, London: Routledge, 1979.
Faurot, Jean H. The Philosopher and The State: From Hooker to Popper, Chandler: San Francisco,1971.
Frege, G., Ueber Sinn und Bedeutung, Z. Phil. Und phil. Kritik, 100, 1982
Gutmann, Why Deliberative Democracy? Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press,2004.
Havelock Eric A., The Liberal Temper in Greek Politics. New Haven : Yale University Press. 1957.
Heyting, A. After thirty years, in : Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, eds. E. Nagel, P. Suppes and A. Tarski, 1962.
Huntington Samuel P., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman and London: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991
Isaiah Berlin
The Age of Enlightenment: the Eighteenth Century Thinkers, New York: The American Library of World Literature Inc., 1956.
Four Essays on Liberty, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Vico and Herder: Two Studies of the History of Ideas, London: Horgarth Press, 1976.
Karl Marx: His Life and Environment, 4th Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Concepts and Categories, Henry Hardy Ed., London: Penguin Group, 1978.
Against the Current-Essays in the History of Ideas, New York: Viking, 1980.
The Crooked Timber of Humanity-the Chapters of History of Idea, New York: Vintage Press, 1992.
The Sense of Reality: Studies in Ideas and Their History, Hardy ed., London: Chatto & Windus Limited, 1996.
Jarvie, Ian and Pralong, Sandra ed., Popper’s Open Society after Fifty years, London: Routledge, 1999.
Jeremy Shearmur, The Political Thought of Karl Popper, London: Routledge, 1996.
John Gray
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Liberalisms, Minnesota and Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987.
Liberalisms: Essays in the Political Philosophy, London: Routledge, 1989.
Post- Liberalisms: Studies in Political Thought, London: Routledge, 1993.
Two Faces of Liberalism, Blackwell Publishers, 2000.
Keuth Hubert, The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Levinson, P. ed., In Pursuit of Truth, Humanities, 1982.
Magee, Bryan. Popper, London: Fontana Paperbacks, 1973.
Philosophy and The Real World: An Introduction to Karl Popper, La Salle: Open Court, 1985.
Manfred Lube. Bibliographie Karl R. Popper 1925-2004, Klagenfurt: Karl Popper Foudation Klagenfurt, 2005.
Miller, David ed., The Popper Selections, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.
Miller, David. "Liberalism and Boundaries: A Response to Allen Buchanan" in States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundares, Buchanan, Allen ed., Cambridge university Press: Cambridge, 2003.
"On Methodological Proposals" in Karl Popper: Logick Der Forschung, Keuth, Herbert ed., Akademie: Berlin, 1998.
Critical Rationalism: A Restatement and Defence, Open Court: Peru, 1994.
Mill, John Stuart, On Liberty and Other Essays, Oxford University Press, 1998.
Nozic, Robert, Anarchy, State, and Utopia, New York: Basic Books, 1974.
O’Hear, A. Karl Popper, London: Routledge, 1980.
Karl Popper: Philosophy and Problems, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995
Rawls, Jonh, A Theory of Justice, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1972.
Political Liberalism, Columbia: Columbia University Press, 1993.
The Law of People: with the idea of public reason revisited, Cambridge,Mass: Harvard University Press, 1999.
Ryan, Alan ed., The Idea of Freedom, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.
Schapiro J. Salwyn, Liberalism: Its Meaning and History. New York: D Van Nostrand Co. 1958.
Schilpp, P. A. ed., The Philosophy of Karl Popper, Open Court, 1974.
Tran Van Doan
Pluralist Culture versus Cultural Pluralism, To The Mountain—Essays in honor of Professor George F. McLean, Fu-Jen Catholic University Press, 2004.
Essays on Asian Philosophy and Religions. Washington, D. C.: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2005.
Towards a Pluralist Culture-Critical Essays on Cultures in the Postmodern Age. Washington, D. C.: The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, 2005.
Watkins Frederick, The Political Tradition of the West: A Study in the Development of Modern Liberalism. Cambridge : Harvard University Press. 1967
Whitron G. J., ed., Einstein: The Man and His Achievement, London: British Broadcasting Corporation, 1967.

Articles:
Boyer, Alain. “Democracy and Disagreement.” Ratio-Juris. (MR 1995) 8(1): 1-8.
Clark, Daniel H. “Karl Popper’s Solution to The "Problem of Human Freedom": A Critical Evaluation.” Modern Schoolman. (JA 1984) 61: 117-130.
Gray, J. N. “The Liberalism of Karl Popper.” Government and Opposition. (Sum 1976)11(3) 337-355.
Gruenbaum, Adolf. “Free Will and Laws of Human Behavior.” American Philosophical Quarterly. (O 1971) 8:299-317.
Kalla, Sarla. “Plato’s Political Thought: A Critique of Popper’s Interpretation.” Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research. (SPR 1985) 2: 77-88.
Krige, John. “A Critique of Popper’s Conception of The Relationship between Logic, Psychology, and A Critical Epistemology.” Inquiry. (Fall 1978) 21: 313-335.
Miller, David. “Group Rights, Human Rights and Citizenship.” European Journal of Philosophy (AG 2002) 10(2): 178-195.
“A Reply to Oppenheim’s "Constraints on Freedom".” Ethics. (JA 1985) 95: 310-314.
“Constraints on Freedom.” Ethics. (O 1983) 94: 66-86.
Shearmur, Jeremy. “Popper, Hayek, and the Poverty of Historicism Part I: A Largely Bibliographical Essay.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences. (S 1998) 28(3): 434-450.
“The Political Thought of Karl Popper.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences. (D 1999) 29(4): 540-544.
“Hayek and After: Hayekian Liberalism as a Research Programme” Philosophy of the Social Sciences. (D 1999) 29(4): 540-544.
“Popper’s Critique of Marxism.” Critical-Review. (Wint 1986-87)1:62-72.
Stokes, Geoffery. “Popper: Philosophy, Politics and Scientific Method.” British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. (JE 2000) 51(2): 363-369.
Tran Van Doan, “Pluralistic Culture and Open Society” in Vijhara –A Journal of Philosophy and Religion. Bangkok, 2004.
“An Anatomy of Moral Crisis” in Philosophia- A Journal of Philosophy, Manila, 2001.
“The Claim of Truth and the Claim of Freedom” in Religion, Philosophy, Culture & Traditions, Volume 4, 2007, St. Francis Xavier University: Canada.
Veatch, Henry B. “Plato, Popper and The Open Society: Reflections on who might have The Last Laugh.” Journal of Libertarian Studies. (Sum 1979) 3:159-172.
Wettersten, John. “New Problems after Popper.” Philosophy of the Social Sciences. (MR 1999) 29(1): 146-154.

中文參考書目:
中文譯本:
卡爾‧波普爾著,邱仁宗、段娟譯,《無窮的探索—思想自傳》,福建:人民出版社發行,1984。
卡爾•巴柏著,莊文瑞•李英明譯,《開放社會及其敵人》上下冊,台北:桂冠圖書,1992。
卡爾‧波普爾著,范景中、李本正譯,《通過知識獲得解放》,杭州:中國美術學院出版,1996。
卡爾•波普爾著,查汝強、邱仁宗譯,《科學發現的邏輯》,杭州:中國美術學院出版,2008。
Isaiah Berlin著,陳曉林譯,《自由四論》,台北:聯經出版社,1986。

專書:
卡爾•波普與吉安卡羅˙波賽提的訪談錄,王凌霄譯,《二十世紀的教訓》,台北:貓頭鷹出版,1992
石元康,《當代自由主義理論》,台北:聯經出版社,1995。new window
朱新民,《西方後現代哲學:西方民主理論批判》,上海人民出版社出版,2007。
江宜樺,《自由主義、民族主義與國家認同》,台北:揚智文化事業公司,1998。new window
江宜樺,《洛克作品選讀》,台北:誠品出版社,2000
江宜樺,《自由民主的理路》,台北:聯經出版社,2012。new window
何信全,《海耶克自由理論研究》,台北:聯經出版,1988。new window
Fukuyama Francis著, 李永幟譯,《歷史之終結與最後一人》,台北:時報文化出版,1993。
林正弘、張忠棟、李永熾,《什麼是自由主義》,台北:唐山出版社,1999。
林正弘等合編,《現代中國自由主義資料選編》,台北:唐山出版社,2001。
林正弘、張忠棟、李永熾,《民主、憲政、法治》,台北:唐山出版社,2002。
洪鎌德,《人的解放-21世紀馬克思學說新探》,台北:揚智文化事業公司,2000。new window
洪鎌德,《自由主義》,台北:一橋出版社,2002。
約翰•格雷,傅鏗、姚欣榮譯,《自由主義》,台北:桂冠圖書公司,1991。
約翰•格雷,蔡英文譯,《自由主義的兩種面貌》,台北:巨流圖書公司,2002。new window
陳順孝,〈台灣網路公民媒體的發展與挑戰〉,《台灣傳媒再解構》,台北:巨流圖書出版,2009,new window
張明貴,《自由論:西方自由主義的發展》,台北:台灣書店,1998。張福建、蘇文流,《民主理論:古典與現代》,中研院中山人文社會科學所出版品,1995。new window
蔡英文、張福建,《自由主義》,中研院中山人文社會科學所出版品,2001。new window
萧高彥、蘇文流,《多元主義》,中研院中山人文社會科學所出版品,1998。
鄧正來主編,《哈耶克讀本》- Friedrich A. Von Hayek: A Reader,北京:北京大學出版社,2010。

中文期刊論文:
江宜樺,「理性共識型的自由主義」與「暫定協議型的自由主義」,〈擺盪在啟蒙與後現代之間-評Gray John,蔡英文譯,《自由主義的二種面貌》〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》6,民92,頁239-247。new window
林正弘,〈卡爾•波柏否政論的困境〉,收入於《第四屆美國文學與思想研討會論文集(哲學篇)》,中研院歐美所出版品,1995。
林火旺,〈公共理性的功能及其限制〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》8:47-78,台北:巨流出版社,2004。new window
林火旺〈審議民主與公民養成〉,《國立臺灣大學哲學論評》,第29期,2005。new window
林國民,〈國家、公民社會與審議式民主:公民會議在台灣的發展經驗〉,《台灣社會學》,2009。
許漢,〈自由民主社會中的容忍問題〉,《人文集社會科學集刊》第十三卷第三期,中研院中山人文社會科學所出版品,2001,頁345-381。new window
陳柏奇、洪敬富,〈茉莉花革命浪潮下對當前中國國家:社會關係的再檢視—網路政治中的公民維權與黨國維權雙重分析視角〉,《台灣民主季刊》第九卷,第一期(2012):195-244。new window
陳朝政、曾志隆,〈論穆芙對審議式民主的批判〉,《東吳政治學報》,2012。new window
張福建,〈卡爾.波柏漸進改革論述評〉, 《三民主義研究所專題選刊》(68),頁 1-30,1985
張福建,〈政治言論自由與社會正義-羅爾斯觀點〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》9:39-78,台北:巨流出版社,2004。new window
蘇文流,〈消極自由與積極自由:柏林的論點述評〉,《政治學報》,第十三期,頁287-323,1985。
郭博文,〈自由主義的基礎-穆勒與杜威〉,收入於《第二屆美國文學與思想研討會論文集》,中研院歐美所,1991。
蔡英文,〈多元與統一:多元主義與自由主義的一項政治議題〉,《人文及社會科學集刊》9(3):45-85,中研院中山人文社會科學所出版品,1997。new window
蔡英文,〈價值之衝突與自由主義〉,《歷史月刊》「當代政治思想家專欄」,190期,頁26-31,2003。new window
鄔昆如,〈波柏的開放社會研究〉,《台大哲學論評》第五期,頁3-31,1982。new window
錢永祥,〈演化論適合陳述自由主義嗎?-對海耶克式論證的反省〉,《台灣社會研究季刊》46期,2002,頁173-191。new window
顏厥安,〈公共理性與法律理論〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》8:1-46,台北:巨流出版社,2004。new window

研討會議論文與論文集:
苑舉正,〈從方法論的角度論維根斯坦與波普的「否定」概念〉,「台灣哲學會2007年度學術研討會」,2007。
瞿海源、顧忠華、錢永祥主編,《自由主義的發展及問題》,殷海光基金會自由平等社會正義學術研討會論文集1,台北:桂冠圖書,2002。new window
瞿海源、顧忠華、錢永祥主編,《法治、人權與公民社會》,殷海光基金會自由平等社會正義學術研討會論文集2,桂冠圖書,2002。
瞿海源、顧忠華、錢永祥主編,《平等、正義與社會福利》,殷海光基金會自由平等社會正義學術研討會論文集3,桂冠圖書,2002。
「自由主義與新世紀臺灣」學術研討會會議論文,國立臺灣大學與殷海光學術基金會合辦,2002。
「海耶克、夏道平與殷海光:自由主義的政治經濟思想」學術研討會論文集,財團法人殷海光先生學術基金會、中華經濟研究院、中央研究院人文社會科學研究中心主辦,公益信託雷震民主人權基金、台灣經濟學會協辦,2007。
吳澤玫〈審議式民主與多元社會的穩定〉,2010年台灣哲學學會年會「語言、知識與行動:視野之交融」學術研討會,2010.10.23-10.24。new window

研究計畫:
林火旺,國科會補助專題研究計畫-《政治自由主義與公共理性》, 2000/08-2001/07。
林國民,國科會計畫「國家、公民會議與審議式民主」(計劃編號95-2412-H-002-014-MY2),2006-2007。
洪鎌德,國科會補助專題研究計畫-《馬克思「人的解放」》,86年度。
許漢,殷海光基金會專題研究計畫-《自由主義、社會主義與全球正義》,2000/01-2001/12。
楊世雄,〈麥肯泰爾論啟蒙運動〉,《麥肯泰爾德性倫理學研究》,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告,2002。
蔡英文,國科會補助專題研究計畫-《多元分歧與統一整合:多元主義與自由主義的一項政治》,84年度。new window
曾國祥,國科會補助專題研究計畫-《制度自由主義》,2000/08-2001/07。

其他資料:
楊國樞,〈我們為什麼組織澄社〉,資料來源:澄社http://www.taipeisociety.org/node/5
瞿海源,〈澄社十年〉,資料來源:澄社http://www.taipeisociety.org/node/103
錢永祥,〈從修憲爭議看自由主義與國家主義:兩種政治價值的糾葛與衝突〉,《聯合報》第11 版,1997/06/08。
錢永祥,〈我是誰?:台灣自由主義的身分危機-錢永祥訪談〉2003/12/16,法律思想網http:www.law-thinker.com


 
 
 
 
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