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題名:先秦經典中兩種對動物與人的思維:自我知識與社會原理
書刊名:臺大文史哲學報
作者:詹康 引用關係
作者(外文):Chan, Kang
出版日期:2002
卷期:57
頁次:頁1-3+5-41
主題關鍵詞:動物人禽之辨先秦哲學詩經易經張光直AnimalAnimalismChinese philosophyChang Kwang-chihBook of ChangeBook of Odes
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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商周二代之人對動物的認知為何,早經古史學家典人類學者所注意。四十年前張光直綜合前人研究,認為起初人對動物的神異性充滿敬畏,其後則人轉而凌駕於動物之上。這種線性發展的看法,並不能由先秦文獻證實,反而可以發現動物的宗教靈異性質與人征服動物,自始至終是雙雙並存的。 人與動物的闌係並非先秦經典的主要關懷,透過動物來思考人的問題才更重要。當時有兩種思維基準,一是人高於動物,要求人超越動物性,發揚人所獨有的特質。這種思維始於《詩經》,成長於《左傳》和《論語》,在墨子、孟子、苟子的思想中充分實現。另一種思維基準認定人也是動物,主張人和動物有許多共同點,所以人可以向動物學習。《易經》隱然有此思想,莊子、《楚辭》與韓非則顯然屬之。 這兩種思維各自指導了自我知識和社會原理。在自我知識上,一主內求,直抉人與動物相異之特質,而一主外求,以人對動物的知識做為人的自我知識。在社會原理上,可提出道德、權力、思想爭鳴等三者以建構理想社會。
Men's perceptions of animals in the Shang -Chou period (ca. 1500- 221 BCE) have long caught the attention of historians and anthropolo - gists. Chang Kwang - chih 張光直 created a synthesis forty years ago, arguing that animals inspired men's religious awe in the early time, but lost their superiority to men later. Chang's thesis of linear development cannot be supported by texts produced in that period. These works show rather that both animals' religious superiority over men and men conquering animals coexisted in this period. What looms larger in the pre -Ch'in texts than the representations of man -animal relations is the philosophical construction of man vis –á- vis animal. There are two types of constructions. Animalism, implied in the Book of Change and highly developed in Chuang Tzu, Han Fei, and the Ch'u - ts'e 楚辭 , looks for the common traits shared by men and animals, so that men can learn from animals. In contrast, trans -animal - ism enlarges the differences between animal and man, advanced by the agenda that man should transcend his animal nature. It is weakly present in the Book of Odes, takes shape in the Tso - chuan 左傳 and in Confucius, and is full -fledged in Mo Tzu, Mencius and Hsün Tzu. Animalism and trans -animalism represent different paths to self – knowledge. According to the former, man's knowledge about animals is at the same time self - knowledge; while according the latter, man should study himself and ponder on where he is different from animals. Thoughts on animals also articulate different social principles. Morality, power, and doctrinal war are the three principles to be derived from animalism and trans - animalism.
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7.劉國英(2001)。「人是政治動物」─從現象學觀點理解亞里士多德的「人禽之辨」。新亞學術集刊,17,251-270。  延伸查詢new window
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圖書論文
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