After the Second World War, the 1947 Japanese Constitution guaranteed the fundamental human rights as eternal and inviolated rights. The Article 21 is the primary provision affecting freedom of expression: “freedom of assembly and association as well as speech, press and all other forms of expression are guaranteed. No censorship shall be maintained……”. But on the other hand, the textbooks for precollege students shall be reviewed by the Education Ministry before they are published. In particular the content of the history textbooks have to be in accord with the government’s viewpoint and policy. This arouses much controversy not only in Japan but also in many Arian Countries. Ienaga Saburo, a distinguished historian, sued the Education Ministry for tampering with the content of his high school history text. In court, Professor lenaga challenged the ministry’s textbook review system as unconstitutional interference with his freedom of thought and expression and his academic freedom, as well as with a child’s right to education. The courts made many decisions since 1970. This paper is intended to introduce and analyze this issue from the viewpoint of law.