Public-private partnership generally refers to the joint efforts by public and private sectors to handle administrative affairs. With the changes in the relationship between the public sector and the private sector, the shift of strange relationship to later competitive partnership between the two sectors and even the government’s active search for partnership from private sectors will symbolize one phenomenon that public sectors will start valuing the standard of public services and the public’s satisfaction, more than stressing the principle of fairness. This research aims to develop an understanding of the concept and types of Japanese public-private partnership as well as the promotional background and practical condition through the review of the related theories. To avoid to be confined to the discussion centered on abstract concepts, the author conducted the case study on Hokkaido and Shikishi in hopes of developing an in-depth understanding of the effect and peculiarity for Japanese public-private partnership through case studies. Research findings have indicated that local autonomy in Japan is inclined to take “Public-private partnership” as the administrative operation mode following the implementation of the local government reform. To guarantee the regional publicity, Japanese public-private partnership will incline to adopt the concept in a “Narrow” sense to stress “Duties and obligation” and take stipulation and legalization for foundations of partnership that extends the scope of partnership from “Middle realm” to “Public realm.” Despite a new popular partnership currently, PFI will affect the multiple actors to achieve the participation goals.