參考文獻
一、中文部份
DeVellis, R. F. (1999)，量表發展：理論與應用(吳齊殷譯)，台北：弘志文化，(原文於1991年出版)。
古金英(2001)，員工自主性、工作特徵與組織承諾之研究-中美日三國電子業之比較，中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。
风笑天(2002)，社會學研究方法，北京：中國人民大學出版社。
王建忠(2001)，團隊領導與團隊效能：團隊內互動的中介效果，國立台灣大學心理學研究所未出版之博士論文。
高三福(2002)，團隊與效能：組織中的團隊與運動團隊-最近研究的回顧，發表於第四屆華人心理學家暨第六屆華人心理與行為科學國學術研討會，台北：中央研究院。李經遠，李棟榮(2003)，矩陣式組織結構下角色衝、組織承諾、離職意願關聯性研究-以工業技術研究院員工為例，中華管理學報，4(1)，21-44。張紹勳(2004)，研究方法，台北：滄海書局。
劉家駒(1996)，由組織及均衡觀點探討職位結構、組織承諾與承諾管理關係之研究，國立政治大學企業管理研究所未出版之博士論文。賴志超，鄭伯薫，陳欽雨(2001)，台灣企業員工組織認同的來源及其效益，人力資源管理學報，1(1)，27-51.二、英文部份
Abraham, R. (1999). The impact of emotional dissonance on organizational commitment and intention to turnover. The Journal of Psychology, 133(4), 441-455.
Allen, N. J. & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, cotinuence and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1-18.
Angle, H. L., & Perry, J. L. (1981). An Empirical Assessment of Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(1), 1-14.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2003). Amos 5.0 update to the Amos user’s guide. Chicago, Illinois: Small Waters Corporation.
Baldauf, A. & Cravens, D.W. (2002). The effect of moderators on the salesperson behavior performance and salesperson outcome performance and sales organization effectiveness relationships. European Journal of Marketing, 36(11/12), 1367-1388.
Baron, R. M. & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bartol, K. M. (1979). Professionalism as a Predictor of Organizational Commitment, Role Stress, and Turnover: A Multidimensional Approach. Academy of Management Journal, 22(4), 815.
Bashaw, E. R. & Grant, S. E., (1994). Impact of job formalization and administrative control on attitudes of industrial salespersons distinctive nature of work commitments: Their relationship with personal characteristics, job performance and propensity to leave. Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, 14 (Spring), 41-67.
Benkhoff, B. (1997). Ring commitment is costly: New approaches establish the missing link between commitment and performance. Human Relations, 50(6), 701-726.
Becker, T. E. (1992). Foci and Bases of Commitment: Are the distinctions worth making? Academy of Management Journal, 35(1), 232-244.
Becker, T. E. & Billings, R. S. (1993). Profiles of commitment: An empirical test. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 177-190.Bellizzi, J. A. (1995). Committing and supervising unethical sales force behavior: The effects of victim gender, victim status, and sales force motivational techniques. The journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 15(2), 1-15.
Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D.G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
Bento, R. F. & White, L. F. (1998). Participants’ value and incentive plans. Human Resource Management, 37(1), 47-59.
Bluedorn, A. C. (1982). A Unified Model of Turnover from Organizations. Human Relations, 35, 135-153.
Bornstein, G., Erev, I. & Rosen, O. (1992). Intergroup competition as a structural solution for social dilemma. Social Behavior, 5, 247-260.
Boshoff, C. & Mels, G. (2000). The impact of multiple commitments on intentions to resign: An empirical assessment. British Journal of Management, 11, 255-272.
Brashear, T. G., Manolis, C., & Brooks, C. M. (2005). The effects of control, trust and justice on salesperson turnover. Journal of Business Research, 58(3), 241-249.
Brief, A. P. & Motorwidlo, S. J. (1986). Prosocial organizational behaviors. Academy of Management Review, 11, 710-725.
Browne, M. W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In Bollen, K. A. and Long, J. S. (Eds.) Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, California: Sage, 136-162.
Bryne, B. M. (1989). A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Bush, R. P., Bush, A. J., Ortinau, D. J., & Hair, J. F. (1990). Developing a behavior-based scale to assess retail salesperson performance. Journal of Retailing, 66, 119-129.
Caballero, M. J. (1998). A comparative study of incentives in a sales force contest. Journal of personal selling and sales management, 8(May), 55-58.
Carmines, E. G. & McIver, J. P. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables. In Bohrnstedt, G. W. and Borgatta, E.F. (Eds.) Social measurement: Current issues. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Chaudhuri, A., Sopher, B. & Strand, P. (2002). Cooperation in social dilemmas, trust and reciprocity. Journal of Economic Psychology, 23(2), 231-249.
Churchill, G. A., Jr., Ford, N. M. & Walker, O. C. Jr. (1974). Measuring the job satisfaction of industrial salesmen. Journal of Marketing Research, 11(August), 254-260.
Colletti, J. A., Cichelli, D. J., Linser, S. D., Martin, J. F., Schattinger, D. S. & Tubridy, G. S. (1988). Current practices in sales incentives. New York: The Alexander Group.
Cortina, J. M., Chen, G. & Dunlap, W. P. (2001). Testing interaction effects in LISREL: Examination and illustration of available procedures. Organizational Research Method, 4(4), 324-360.
Cotton, J. L. & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review with implications for research. Academy of Management Review , 11(1), 55-72.
Currivan, D. B. (1999). The causal order of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in models of employee turnover. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 495-524.
DeConinck, J. B. & Stilwell, C. D. (2004). Incorporating organizational justice, role states, pay satisfaction and supervisor satisfaction in a model of turnover intentions. Journal of Business Research, 57(3), 225-231.
Dess, G. G. & Shaw, J. D. (2001). Voluntary turnover, social capital, and organizational performance. The Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 446-456.
Deutsch, M. (1949). A theory of cooperation and competition. Human Relations, 2(2), 129-152.
Dubinsky, A. J., Dougherty, T. W. & Wunder, R. S. (1990). Influence of role stress on turnover of sales personnel and sales managers. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 7(2/3), 121.
Dubinsky, A. J., Michaels, R. E., Kotabe, M., Lim, C. U. & Hee-Cheol, M. (1992). Influence of role stress on industrial sales people’s work outcomes in the United States. Journal of International Business Studies, 23(1), 77-99.
Earley, P. C. & Mosakowski, E. M. (2000). Creating hybrid team cultures: An empirical test of international team functioning. Academy of Management Journal, 43(1), 26-49.Ellemers, N., Gilder, D. D. & Haslam, S. A. (2004). Motivating individuals and groups at work: A social identity perspective on leadership and group performance. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 459-478.
Elron, E. (1997). Top management teams within multinational corporations: Effects of cultural heterogeneity. Leadership Quarterly, 8(4), 393-412.
Erev, I., Bornstein, G. & Galili, R. (1993). Constructive intergroup competition as a solution to the free rider problem: A field experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychlogy, 29(6), 463-478.
Farrell, D. & Stamm, C. L. (1988). Meta-analysis of the correlates of employee absence. Human Relations, 41(3), 211-227.
Fern, E. F., Avila, R. A., & Grewal, D. (1989). Salesforce turnover: Those who left and those who stayed. Industrial Marketing Management, 18(1), 1-9.
Franken, R. E. & Brown, D. J. (1995). Why do people like competition: The motivation for winning, putting forth effort, improving one’s performance, performing well, being instrumentalm and expressing forceful/aggressive behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 19(2), 175-184.
Futrell, C. M. & Parasuaman, A. (1984). The relationship of satisfaction and performance to salesforce turnover. Journal of Marketing, 48(Fall), 33-40.
Gaertner, S. (1999). Structural determinants of job satisfaction and organizational commitment in turnover models. Human Resource Management Review, 9(4), 479-493.
Goolsby, J. R. (1992), A theory of role stress in boundary spanning positions of marketing organizations. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 20(2), 155-164.
Grant, K., Cravens, D. W., Low, G. S. & Moncrier, W. C. (2001). The role of satisfaction with territory design on the motivation, attitudes, and work outcomes of salespeople. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 29(2), 165-178.
Gregersen, H. B. (1993). Multiple commitments at work and extrarole behavior during three stages of organizational tenure. Journal of Business Research, 26(1), 31-47.
Harris, E. G., Mowen, J. C. & Brown, T. J. (2005). Re-examining salesperson goal orientations: Personality influencers, customer orientation, and work satisfaction. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 33(1), 19-35.
Heffner, T. S. & Rentsch, J. R. (2001). organizational commitment and social interaction: A multiple constituencies approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior , 59(3), 471-490.
Hochwarter, W. A., Perrewé, P. L., Ferris, G. R. & Guercio, R. (1999). Commitment as an antidote to the tension and turnover consequences of organizational politics. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(3), 277-297.
Hom, P. W. and Briffeth, R. W. (1991). Structural equations modeling test of a turnover theory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(3), 350-366.Hoverstand, R., Moncrief, W. C. & Lucas, G. H., Jr. (1990). The use of survival analysis to examine sales force turnover of part-time and full-time sales employees. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 7(2/3), 109-119.
Hunt, S. B., Chonko, L. B. & Wood, V. R. (1985) Organizational Commitment and Marketing. Journal of Marketing, 49(winter), 112-126.
Hwang, P. & Burgers, W. P. (1997). Properties of trust: An analytical view. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 69(1), 67-73.
Ingram, T. N. & Lee, K. S. (1990). Sales Force commitment and turnover. Industrial Marketing Management, 19(2) 149-154.
Jackson, S. E., Joshi, A. & Erhardt, N. L. (2003). Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications. Journal of Management, 29(6), 801-830.
Jaramillo, F., Mulki, J. P. & Marshall, G. W. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational commitment and salesperson job performance: 25 years of research. Journal of Business Research, 58(6), 705-714.
Jaros, S. J., Jermier, J. M., Koehler, J. W. & Sincich, T. (1993). Effects of continuance, affective, and moral commitment on the withdrawal process: An evaluation of eight structural equation models. Academy of Management Journal, 36(5), 951-995.
Jenkins, J. M. (1993). Self-monitoring and turnover; The impact of personality on intent to leave. Journal of Organizational behavior, 14, 83-91.
Joachimsthaler, (1955). Influence of formalization on the organizational commitment and work alienation of salespeople and industrial buyers. Journal of Marketing Research, 25(November), 376-383.
Johnson, D. W. & Johnson, R. T. (1983). Effects of cooperative, competitive and individualistic learning experiences on cross-handicap relationships and social development. Exceptional Children, 49(4), 323-330.
Johnson, D. W. & Johnson, R. T. (1989). Cooperation and competition: Theory and research. Edina, Minnesota: Interaction Book Company.
Johnson, J. T., Griffeth, R. W. & Griffin, M. (2000). Factors discriminating functional and dysfunctional salesforce turnover. The Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 15(6), 399-415.
Johnston, M. W. & Futrell, C. M. (1989). Functional salesforce turnover: An Empirical Investigation into the positive effects of turnover. Journal of Business Research, 18(2), 141-157.
Johnston, M. W., Futrell, C. M., Parasuraman, A., & Sager, J. (1988). Performance and job satisfaction effects on salesperson turnover: A replication and extension. Journal of Business Research, 16(1), 67-83.
Jolson, M. A., Dubinsky, A. J. & Anderson, R. E. (1987). Correlates and determinants of sales force tenure: An exploratory study. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 7(November), 9-27.
Jones, E., Kantak, D. M., Futrell, C. M., Johnston, M. W. (1996). Leader behavior, work-attitudes, and turnover of salespeople: An integrative study. The Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 16(2)13-23.
Kanungo, R. N. (1982). Measurement of job and work involvement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 341-349.
Katzenbach, J. R. & Smith, D. K. (1993). The Wisdom of teams: Creating the high performance organization. New York: Happer Collins.
Keller, S. B. (2002). Driver relationships with customers and driver turnover: Key mediating variables affecting driver performance in the field. Journal of Business Logistics, 23(1), 39-64.
Kohn, A. (1992). No Contest: The case against competition. Boston: Houghton-Mifflin.
Lawler, E. E., Mohrman, S. A. & Ledford, G. E. (1995). Creating high performance organizations: Practices and result of employee involvement and total quality management in fortune 1000 companies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lee, B. H. (2003). Using hierarchical linear modeling to illustrate industry and group effects on organizational commitment in a sales context. Journal of Managerial Issues, 15(3) 353-368.
Locke, E. A. (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3(May), 157-189.
Locke, E. A. & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Lucas, G. H. Jr., Parasuraman, A., Davis, R. A. & Enis, B. M. (1987). An empirical study of salesforce turnover. Journal of Marketing, 51(July), 34-59.
Marsh, H. W. & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to study of self-concept: First and higher-order factor models and their invariance across group. Psychological Bulletin, 97, 562-582.
Masterson, S. S. Lewis, K. & Taylor, M. S. (2000). Integrating justice and social exchange the differing effects of fair procedures and treatment on work relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 43(4), 738-748.
McDonald, R. P. & Marsh, H. W. (1990). Choosing a multivariate model: Non centrality and goodness of fit. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 247-255.
McNeilly, K. M. & Russ, F. A. (1992) The Moderating Effect of Sales Force Performance on Relationships Involving Antecedents of Turnover. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 12(1), 9-20.
Meyer, J. P. (1997). Organizational commitment In Cooper, C. I. and Tobertson, I.T. (Eds.) International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 12, 175-225.
Meyer, J. P., Paunonen, S. V., Gellatly, I. R., Goffin, R. D., & Jackson, D. N. (1989). Organizational commitment and job performance: It’s the nature of the commitment that counts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(1), 152-156.
Meyer, J. P., Allen, N. J. & Smith, C. A. (1993). Commitment to organizations and occupations: Extension and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551.Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, contimuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52.
Michaels, R. E., Cron, W. L., Dubinsky, A. J., Erich, A. & Sager, J. K., (1991). A Longitudinal assessment of change in sales force turnover. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 19(1), 25-36.
Mohrman, S. A. (1999). The contexts for geographically dispersed teams and networks. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(Trends in organizational behavior), 63-80.
Mowday, R. T., Steers, R. M. & Porter, L. W. (1979). The measurement of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14(2), 224-247.
Mowday, R. T. (1988). Reflections on the study and relevance of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 8(4), 387-401.
Mueller, C. W., Wallace, J. W. & Price, J. L. (1992). , Employee commitment: Resolving some issues. Work and Occupations, 19(3), 211-236.
Muhammad, J. (1990). Relationship of job stress and type-A behavior to employees' job satisfaction, organizational commitment, psychosomatic health problems, and turnover motivation. Human Relations, 43(8), 727.
Mulvey, P. & Ribbens, B. (1999). The effects of intergroup competition and assigned group goals on group efficacy and group effectiveness. Small Group Research, 30(6), 651-677.
Neuman, G. A. & Wright, J. (1999). Team effectiveness: Beyond skills and cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84(3), 376-389.
Neuman, G. A., Wagner, S. H., & Chtristiansen, N. D. (1991). The relationship between work-team personality composition and the job performance of teams. Group & Organization Management, 24(1), 28-45.
Numan, G. A., Wangner, S. H., & Christiansen, N. D. (1999). The relationship between work-team personality composition and the job performance of teams. Group & Organization Management, 24(1), 28-39.
Okebukola, P. A. O. (1984a). Tackling the problem of large classes in biology: An experiment in cooperative learning. Journal of STAN, 22(2), 73-77.
Okebukola, P. A. O. (1984b). In search of a more effective interaction pattern in bioloby laboratories. Journal of Biological Education, 18(4), 305-308.
Okebukola, P. A. O. & Ogunniyi, M. B. (1984). Cooperative, competitive and individualistic laboratory interaction patterns: Effects on students’ achievement and acquisition of practical skills. Journal of Research n Science Teaching, 21(9), 875-884.
Oliver, N. (1990). Rewards, investments, alternatives and organizational commitment: Empirical evidence and theoretical development. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 19-31.
Parasuraman, A. & Futrell, C. M. (1983). Demographics, job satisfaction, and propensity to leave of industrial salesmen. Journal of Business Research, 11(1), 33-48.
Pfaff, E. & Huddleston, P. (2003). Does it matter if I hate teamwork? What impacts student attitudes toward teamwork. Journal of Marketing Education, 25(1), 37-45.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. & Bommer, W. H. (1996). Transformational leader behaviors and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organizational citizenship. Journal of Management, 22(2), 259-298
Porter, L. W, Steers, R. M. & Mowday, R. T. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603-609.
Preston, P. (2005). Teams as the key to organizational communication. Journal of Healthcare Management, 50(1), 16-18.
Reichers, A. E. (1985). A review and re-conceptualization of organizational commitment. Academy of Management Review, 10(3), 465-476.
Roberts, J. A., Coulson, K. R. & Chonko, L. B. (1999). Salesperson perceptions of equity and justice and their impact on organizational commitment and intent to turnover. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 7(1), 1-16.
Spagnolo, G. (1999), Social relations and cooperation in organizations. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 38(1), 1-25.
Sager, J. K., Futrell, C. M. & Varadarajan, R. (1989). Exploring salesperson turnover: A causal model. Journal of Business Research, 18(4), 303-326.
Sager, J. K., Varadarajan, P. R. & Futrell, C. M. (1988). Understanding salesperson turnover: A partial evaluation of Mobley’s turnover process model. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 8(May), 20-35.
Sarin, S. & Mahajan, V. (2001). The effect of reward structures on the performance of cross-functional product development teams. Journal of Marketing, 65(2), 35-53.
Shaubroeck, J. & Ganster, D. C. (1991). Beyond the call of duty: A field study of extra-role behavior in voluntary organizations. Human relations, 44(6), 569-582.
Schminke, M. & Wells, D. (1999). Group processes and performance and their effects on individuals' ethical frameworks. Journal of Business Ethics, 18(4), 367-381.
Schmitt, D. R. (1981). Performance under cooperation or competition, The American Behavioral Scientist, 24(5), 649-679.
Schwepker, C. H. Jr. (2001). Ethical climate's relationship to job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention in the salesforce. Journal of Business Research, 54(1), 39-52.
Shonk, W., & Shonk, J. H. (1988). What Business Teams Can Learn from Athletic Teams. Personnel, 65(6), 76-79.
Smith, V. (1997). New forms of work organization. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 315-339.
Spagnolo, G. (1999). Social relations and cooperation in organizations, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 38(1), 1-25.
Steiger, J. H. & Lind, M.W. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
Stewart, G. L. & Barrick, M. R. (2000). Team structure and performance: Assessing the mediating role of intrateam process and the moderating role of task type. Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 135-148.
Tajfel, J. (1974). Social identity and intergroup behavior. Social Science Information, 13, 65-93.
Tajfel, J. (1975). The exit of social mobility and the voice of social change. Social Science Information, 14, 101-118.
Tauer, J. & Harackiewicz, J. (1999). Winning isn’t everything: Competition, achievement orientation, and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(3), 209-238.
Tett, R. P & Meyer, J. P (1996). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover path analyses based on meta-analytic findings. Personality Psychology, 46(2), 259-293.
Thakor, M.V. & Joshi, A.W. (2005). Motivating salesperson customer orientation: insights from the job characteristics model. Journal of Business Research, 58(5), 584-592.
Tjosvold, D. W, Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R., & Sun, H. (2003). Can interpersonal competition be constructive within organizations? The Journal of Psychology, 137(1), 63-84.
Van Oostrum, J. & Rabbie, J. M. (1995). Intergroup competition and cooperation within autocratic management regimes. Small Group Research, 26(2), 269-295.
Vandernberghe, Christian, Bentein, Kathleen, Stinghlhamber & Florence (2004). Affective commitment to the organization, supervisor, and work group: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(1), 47-71.
Weinstein, A. G., & Holzbach, R. L. (1973). Impact of individual differences, reward distribution, and task structure on productivity in a simulated work environment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 58(3), 296-301.
Wheaton, B. (1987). Assessment of fit in over identified models with latent variables. Sociological Methods and Research, 16, 118-154.
Williamson, N. C. (1983). A method for determining the causes of salesperson turnover. The Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 3(1), 26-35.
Wright, T. A. & Bonett, D. G. (1991). Growth coping, work satisfaction and turnover: A longitudinal study. Journal of Business and Psychology, 6(1), 133-145.
Young, J. L. & James, E. H. (2001), Token Majority: The Work Attitudes of Male Flight Attendants. Sex Roles, 45(5/6), 299-319.
Young, S. M., Fisher, J. & Lindquist, T. M. (1993). The effects of intergroup competition and intragroup cooperation on slack and output in a manufacturing setting. The Accounting Review, 68(3), 466-471.