Fishery is crucial to island economic development. Recently in Taiwan, the endorsement of government authorities, academic institutes, and enterprises had contributed to not only the need of citizens but also the whole national economic development. According to Ministry of the Interior statistics data, the population of Penghu was 89,496 in 2000; while in 2002, the implementation of the Offshore Islands Development Act evoked Penghu downfallen fishery. The population of Penghu began to increase in 2002. Moreover, the increment of service industry GDP and the implementation of two-day-off policy increased citizens’ leisure demands. Therefore, traditional fishery became to transform to recreational fishery in Penghu. More recently, the Government of Penghu County showed its ambition to promote leisure fishery and tried to revitalize the traditional fishery. In addition, the Government of Penghu County believed that the investigation of human structure and competency requirement was critical in determining whether the transformation was success or not. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to provide the answers to the questions as mentioned above. Based on the results, the study revealed that recreational fishery included five types: sports, experienced, industrial, tourism, and educational/ cultural recreational fishery. Offshore fishing, tidal fishing, hauling net on the beach, tidal weir, night fishing squid, oyster farm tour, tidal trap, sea platform, and fishery guide were nine types of popular activities in recreational fishery in Penghu. In addition, the research concluded that draining off traditional fishing resource, the acceptance of recreational fishery for youth generation, and traditional fishing was natural oriented were three major reasons for transformation. Service attitude, crises management, and safety management were top three competencies for fishery transformation.