Abstract This study is exploring the change of demographic structure and its impact on the development of primary education in Yunlin rural area. For this purpose, collection of data relevant demographic change, statistics and interview are taken as the main methods. As result, we found that 1. demographic structure in the region is changing with the decline of birth rates, the increase of elderly population, and the diversity of ethnic population. And this trend is continuing dramatically. 2. A certain effect of industrialization on demographic structure. 3. The low birth rates forces the governement to reduce the size of school. And with it are the issues of quality of education, stability, and just distribution of ressources as well as educational opportunities. 4. The demographic change and the diversity of ethnic population may effect administration, curriculum planning, and teaching. Some suggestions are offered to deal with these issues.