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題名：少數政府在國會的困境
書刊名：臺灣政治學刊
作者：黃秀端 引用關係
作者(外文)：Hawang, Shiow-duan
出版日期：2003
卷期：7:2
頁次：頁3-49
主題關鍵詞：分立政府；一致政府；少數政府；多數政府；府會關係；立法僵局；分裂投票；政黨控制；Divided government；Unified government；Minority government；Majority government；Legislative-executive relations；Legislative stalemate；Party control
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(41) 博士論文(11) 專書(3) 專書論文(13)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:41
  • 共同引用共同引用:131
  • 點閱點閱:403
民國八十九年總統大選結果，代表民進黨的陳水扁當選中華民國第十任總統，完成了臺灣首次的政黨輪替，然而在立法部門，國民黨立委仍掌握立法院的過半數，因此形成了總統與立法院的多數黨不屬於同一政黨的分立性政府型態。由於民進黨政府無法掌握立法院的多數，一個沒有獲得國會多數支持的政府，是否在預算的審查與法案的推動在立法院會遭遇困難？ 為了瞭解行政與立法之間的互動是否因為政府無法掌握國會的多數而有所差異，本文將其分為三個階段來觀察，第一階段為國民黨執政且擁有國會多數支持的多數政府時期，第二階段為民進黨執政，但是國會多數為國民黨所掌握的少數政府時期，第三階段為民進黨執政，國會並沒有何一黨掌握過半席次，民進黨雖然在立法上常與台聯結盟，但是仍然無法掌握國會的多數。本文觀察的焦點則放在立法院對於預算的審查與法案的審查。本研究發現從立法院對於行政院所提出的總預算的刪減比例，並未顯示少數政府與多數政府的差異，然而若是從預算主決議的數量與內容，我們確實可以看出少數政府的預算在立法院所遭遇的困難，即使在第三階段民進黨的席次增加，畢竟未掌握國會多數，其困難並未因席次增加而減少。 接著，本研究更進一步觀察行政院提案在立法院審查的狀態，與其他單位的提案相比，少數政府時期，行政院提案的通過率較低且所須天數較長。另外，我們也發現少數政府時期，無論在第二或第三階段，院會記名表決的通過率只有三成多，與多數政府時期的九成八有相當大的差異。也由於記名表決之成功率過低，使得民進黨政府越來越怯於採取表決的方式。最後，我們也發現政黨對立因政黨輪替之後少數政府執政而越來越嚴重，此種情況在第三階段泛藍與泛綠雙方席次越接近時，而越形嚴重。政黨對立的情況，可以從政黨對決的表決比例增加、政黨對決的類型越傾向藍綠對抗、以及政黨團結分數越來越高等指標看出端倪。 從目前初步的觀察，我們可以看出少數政府在立法院確實面臨了在野黨不少挑戰，但是因為觀察的時間仍舊很短，我們不知道這是因為我國歷史上第一次政黨輪替所造成的朝野雙方的不適應，還是因為執政黨無法掌握國會多數所造成的。要得到真正的結論，需要更長時間之觀察。
After the 2000presidential election, for the first time in Taiwan history, a Democratic Progressive Party candidate was elected as the President of Republic of China. However, in the Legislative Yuan, KMT still had majority of seats. As result, one party controlled the presidency, while the other party held a majority in the Legislative Yuan. What are the consequences when the presidency and congress are controlled by different parties? Will it lead to institutional conflict and mutual antagonism? Or, will the Legislative Yuan try to expand their check on the Executive Yuan and president? Will it lead to legislative stalemate or gridlock? This study focuses on the interaction between the Executive Yuan and the Legislative Yuan, especially the budget review and legislation review. If we just consider what percentage of the executive's budget is cut by the legislature, there is no major difference between minority and majority governments. However, if we examine the number and content of resolutions accompanying the budget review, we find that the opposition parties take advantage of their legislative majority to pass resolutions that bind or restrict the behavior or the policy of the Executive Yuan. During the era of divided party control, the bills proposed by the Executive Yuan take a longer time to pass than the bills proposed by opposition party members. Moreover, the records of roll-call votes also reveal that the DPP lost more than 60 percent of their votes, compared with the less than 2 percent that the KMT lost during the majority government period. The roll-call vote data also show that more party votes and more pan-blue and pan-green competition occur and at the same time party cohesion increases. All these statistics point to the same conclusion, that is, the DPP government does face serious challenges from the opposition parties in the Legislation Yuan because they do not have a majority of seats in the Legislative Yuan.
期刊論文
1.Elgie, Robert、Maor, Moshe(1992)。Accounting for the Survival of Minority Governments: An Examination of the French Case: from 1988 to 1991。West European Politics，15(3)，57-74。  new window
2.Petracca, Mark P.(1991)。Divided Government and the Risks of Constitutional Reform。PS: Political Science & Politics，24(4)，634-637。  new window
3.Cheibub, José Antonio(2002)。Minority Governments, Deadlock Situations, and the Survival of Presidential Democracies。Comparative Political Studies，35(3)，284-312。  new window
4.Binder, Sarah A.(1999)。The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947-96。American Political Science Review，93(3)，519-533。  new window
5.Jacobson, G. C.(1991)。Explaining Divided Government: Why Can't the Republicans Win the House?。PS: Political Science and Politics，24(4)，640-643。  new window
6.Mayhew, David R.(1991)。Divided Party Control: Does It Make a Difference?。PS: Political Science & Politics，24(4)，637-640。  new window
7.Kelly, Sean Q.(1993)。Divided We Govern: A Reassessment。Polity，25(1)，475-484。  new window
8.Shugart, Matthew S.(199506)。The Electoral Cycle and Institutional Sources of Divided Presidential Government。American Political Science Review，89(2)，327-343。  new window
9.Menefee-Libey, David(1991)。Divided Government: as Scapegoat。PS: Political Science & Politics，24(4)，643-646。  new window
10.Edwards, George C. III、Barrett, Andrew、Peake, Jeffrey(1997)。The Legislative Impact of Divided Government。American Journal of Political Science，41(2)，545-563。  new window
11.Baron, David P.、Ferejohn, John A.(1989)。Bargaining in Legislatures。American Political Science Review，83(4)，1181-1206。  new window
12.Coleman, John J.(19991200)。Unified Government, Divided Government, and Party Responsiveness。American Political Science Review，93(4)，821-835。  new window
13.Rohde, David、Simon, Dennis M.(1985)。Presidential Vetoes and Congressional Response: A Study of Institutional Conflict。American Journal of Political Science，29(3)，397-427。  new window
14.Krehbiel, Keith(1996)。Institutional and Partisan Sources of Gridlock: A Theory of Divided and Unified Government。Journal of Theoretical Politics，8(1)，7-40。  new window
15.吳重禮、林長志(20020300)。我國2000年總統選舉前後中央府會關係的政治影響--核四議題與府會互動的評析。理論與政策，16(1)=61，73-98。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.Sundquist, James L.(1990)。Response to the Petracca-Bailey-Smith Evaluation of the Committee on the Constitutional System。Presidential Studies Quarterly，20(3)，533-543。  new window
17.Sundquist, James L.(1988)。Needed: A Political Theory for the New Era of Coalition Government in the United States。Political Science Quarterly，103(4)，613-635。  new window
18.Leonard, John(1991)。Divided Government and Dysfunctional Politics。PS: Political Science and Politics，24(4)，651-653。  new window
19.Cutler, Lloyd N.(1988)。Some Reflections about Divided Government。Presidential Studies Quarterly，18(3)，485-492。  new window
20.Cox, Gary W.、McCubbins, Matthew D.(1991)。On the Decline of Party Voting in Congress。Legislative Studies Quarterly，16(4)，547-570。  new window
21.林佳龍(20001200)。臺灣民主化與政黨體系的變遷：菁英與群眾的選舉連結。臺灣政治學刊，4，3-55。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.盛杏湲(20031200)。立法機關與行政機關在立法過程中的影響力：一致政府與分立政府的比較。臺灣政治學刊，7(2)，51-105。new window  延伸查詢new window
23.楊婉瑩(20030300)。一致性到分立性政府的政黨合作與衝突--以第四屆立法院為例。東吳政治學報，16，47-93。new window  延伸查詢new window
24.宋棋超(1999)。預算審查附帶事項之探討。立法院院聞，27(4)，38-46。  延伸查詢new window
25.Austin-Smith, D.、Banks, J.(1988)。Elections, Coalitions, and Legislative Outcomes。American Political Science Review，82(2)，405-422。  new window
26.Gamson, W. A.(1961)。Theory of Coalition Formation。American Sociological Review，26(3)，373-382。  new window
27.Grzymala-Busse, A.(2001)。Coalition Formation and the Regime Divide in New Democracies: East Central Europe。Comparative Politics，34(1)，85-104。  new window
28.Howell, W.、Adler, S.、Cameron, C.、Riemann, C.、Howell, William、Adler, Scott、Cameron, Charles、Riemann, Charles(2000)。Divided Government and the Legislative Productivity of Congress, 1945-1994。Legislative Studies Quarterly，25(2)，285-312。  new window
29.Jones, D. R.(2001)。Party Polarization and Legislative Gridlock。Political Research Quarterly，54(1)，125-141。  new window
30.Mattei, Franco、Howes, John S.(2000)。Competing Explanations of Split-Ticket Voting in American National Elections。American Politics Quarterly，28(3)，379-407。  new window
31.Morelli, M.(1999)。Demand Competition and Policy Compromise in Legislative Bargaining。American Political Science Review，93(4)，809-820。  new window
學位論文
1.黃麗香(1999)。國會政黨的組織誘因與立法團結：以第二屆立法院為例的探討(碩士論文)。東吳大學。  延伸查詢new window
2.吳宜蓁(2001)。國會中政黨的立法聯合--第三屆立法院的探討(碩士論文)。國立政治大學。  延伸查詢new window
3.吳文弘(2003)。行政院與立法院間預算爭議之解決機制－預算法制之健全化，臺北。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Fiorina, Morris(1996)。Divided Government。New York：Macmillan。  new window
2.De Swaan, Abram(1973)。Coalition Theories and Cabinet Formation。Amsterdam：Elsevier。  new window
3.Alesina, Alberto、Rosenthal, Howard(1995)。Partisan Politics, Divided Government, and the Economy。New York：Cambridge University Press。  new window
4.Jones, Charles O.(1994)。The Presidency in a Separated System。Brookings Institution Press。  new window
5.Mayhew, David R.(1991)。Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946-1990。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
6.Krehbiel, Keith(1998)。Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking。Chicago, IL：University of Chicago Press。  new window
7.Strom, Kaare(1990)。Minority Government and Majority Rule。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
8.Neustadt, Richard E.(1980)。Presidential Power: the Politics of Leadership from FDR to Carter。New York：John Wiley and Sons, Inc.。  new window
9.Sundquist, James L.(1986)。Constitutional Reform and Effective Government。Washington, D.C.：Brookings Institution。  new window
10.Riker, William H.(1962)。The Theory of Political Coalitions。Yale University Press。  new window
11.李允傑(1999)。國會與預算：政府預算審議過程之實證研究。台北：商鼎文化。  延伸查詢new window
12.Cox, G. W.、Kernell, S.(1991)。Governing a Divided Era。The Politics of Divided Government。Boulder, CO。  new window
13.Kelly, S. Q.(1994)。Punctuated Change and the Era of Divided Government。New Perspective on American Politics。Washington, DC。  new window
14.Skach, C.(2000)。Semi-Presidentialism and the Dangers of World Congress。Semi-Presidentialism and the Dangers of World Congress。Quebec City, Canada。  new window
其他
1.Cheibub, J. A.，Przeworski, A.，Saiegh, S.(2002)。Government Coalitions and Legislative Effectiveness under Presidentialism and Parliamentarism，沒有紀錄。  new window
圖書論文
1.McCubbins, Mathew D.(1991)。Government on Lay Away: Federal Spending and Deficits Under Divided Party Control。The Politics of Divided Government。Boulder, CO.：Westview Press。  new window
2.Quirk, Paul J.、Nesmith, Bruce(1994)。Explaining Deadlock: Domestic Policymaking in the Bush Presidency。New Perspective on American Politics。Washington, DC：Congressional Quarterly Press。  new window
3.Elgie, Robert(2001)。What is Divided Government?。Divided Government in Comparative Perspective。Oxford University Press。  new window
4.Paloheimo, Heikki(2001)。Divided Government in Finland: From a Semi-Presidential to a Parliament Democracy。Divided Government in Comparative Perspective。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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