In imperial China, when the political elite referred to the paradigm of governance, they usually mentioned the legacy of the There Dynasties (sandai, 三代) and the ancient sage kings, Yao (堯) and Shun (舜). In the Tang dynasty (618-907), however, a new paradigm was gradually created in the political discourse of the ruling elite. Based on the abundant achievements of Zhenguan period (貞觀, 627-649), some Tang bureaucrats suggested their emperors to follow the substantial examples of Tang Taizong (唐太宗, 599-649) rather than the vague legacy of Yao and Shun. While the Tang authority declined after the An Lushan rebellion, Taizong became the symbol of previous golden ages. Many Tang emperors demonstrated their ambition to rebuild the glory of the Tang by imitating the actions of Taizong. From the late eighth century the tradition of Zhenguan reign formed the new paradigm for political elite, and this continued even after the end of the Tang dynasty. The development of Confucianism in the Song dynasty changed the perceptions of Zhenguan reign. From the eleventh century, Song literati tried to recover the tradition of the Three Dynasties, and criticized Tang Taizong for violating the Confucian principles. From the perspectives of the emperors, however, Taizong's conquest over nomadic tribes was too attractive to be ignored. Concerned with the political paradigm, emperors and bureaucrats had different opinions, which deeply influenced the development of Song politics.