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題名：模仿移植、亦步亦趨：探析中國報業的制度同形
書刊名：東亞研究
作者：鍾詠翔
作者(外文)：Chung, Yung-hsiang
出版日期：2011
卷期：42:2
頁次：頁117-160
主題關鍵詞：中國；媒介組織；制度同形；國家；市場；China；Media；Isomorphism；Institution；State
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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本文研究目的，在於探討中國報紙市場的發展過程中，為何許多媒介組織的行為出現趨同的現象？針對中國報業同質化的特徵，過去學界主要把重心擺在報導內容相似、欄目設置雷同、經營\r 手法重疊、廣告客戶相同、發行時間類似等方面。至於造成同質化的成因，學界則聚焦於定位趨同、細分市場尚未成熟、創新意識不足、辦報心態急功近利以及記者串稿等方面。市場機制對報業同形的影響這方面學界已經累積不少研究成果，但從制度層次著手的研究並不多見。探究報業同形的具體表現時，提及報導尺度受限、媒體自律等問題的研究也很少見。本文試圖從制度同形的觀點切入，認為報業集團遍地開花是初步同形特徵之一，媒體自律、報導議題鎖定民族主義與消費主義、要求大學學歷與新聞系出身等均為媒介組織進一步的同形特點。國家管制、市場中的不確定性以及新聞專業素養等制度壓力則是造成報業同形的力量。在中國報業這個組織場域中，媒介組織除了追求理性與效率以外，更必須爭取制度合法性，以及社會經濟的適切性，努力在夾縫中求生存。
This article explores why isomorphism takes place in the Chinese newspaper industry as China’s economic reform deepens. As for the characteristics of isomorphism in the Chinese newspaper industry, previous scholarly works focus on the similar news contents, identical layouts, comparable management styles, overlapped advertisement customers, and simultaneous deadlines. As for the source of isomorphism, scholars focus on similar positioning, lack of market segmentations, little innovation, over-emphasis of short-term gain on operating a newspaper. There seem enough market mechanism explanations, but few institutional ones, on isomorphism. Also as rare are those of the censorship and media’s self discipline. This paper argues that the thriving of conglomeration is a character of isomorphism in the initial stage. Media’s self-censorship, nationalism and consumerism in the reporting, and requirement of college degrees in journalism are an enhanced form of isomorphism. Institutional pressures, such as national regulation, market uncertainty and quality of journalism, are what cause isomorphism. To survive in China’s newspaper industry, media must compete for institutional legitimacy as well as for social economic suitability, in addition to rationality and efficiency.
Other
1.He, Zhou(2000)。Working with a Dying Ideology: Dissonance and Its Reduction in Chinese Journalism。  new window
期刊論文
1.張裕亮(20050100)。從黨國化到集團化--大陸報業結構變革分析。東亞研究，36(1)，49-104。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.俞旭、朱立(20010700)。改革的困局：中國大陸新聞教育變革探討 (1976~2000)。新聞學研究，68，23-52。new window  延伸查詢new window
3.Lowery, W.(2005)。Commitment to newspaper-TV partnering: A test of the impact of institutional isomorphism。Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly，82(3)，495-515。  new window
4.劉雅靈、王信賢(20020700)。缺乏發展的增長--中國大陸股票市場的制度內捲化。中國大陸研究，45(4)，43-74。new window  延伸查詢new window
5.王信賢(20010900)。大陸國企改革的組織同形主義。中國大陸研究，44(9)，57-80。new window  延伸查詢new window
6.陳懷林(20000100)。試析中國媒體制度的漸進改革--以報業為案例。新聞學研究，62，97-118。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.Giblin, M. J.(2006)。Structural elaboration and institutional isomorphism: The case of crime analysis units。An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management，29(4)，643-664。  new window
8.Lodge, M.、Wegrich, K.(2005)。Control over Government: Institutional Isomorphism and Governance Dynamics in German Public Administration。Policy Studies Journal，33(2)，213-233。  new window
9.陳懷林、黃煜(19960700)。中國大陸大眾傳媒商業化非均衡發展--以報業為案例。新聞學研究，53，191-208。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Zhao, Dingxin(2009)。The Mandate of Heaven and Performance Legitimation in Historical and Contemporary China。American Behavioral Scientist，53(3)，416-433。  new window
11.Beckert, J.(2010)。Institutional isomorphism revisited: Convergence and divergence in institutional change。Sociological Theory，28(2)，150-166。  new window
12.So, Clement Y. K.、Chan, Joseph Man(2007)。Professionalism, politics and market force: Survey studies of Hong Kong journalists 1996-2006。Asian Journal of Communication，17(2)，148-158。  new window
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14.周翼虎(20090700)。抗爭與入籠：中國新聞業的市場化悖論。新聞學研究，100，101-136。new window  延伸查詢new window
15.王毓莉(20090700)。中國大陸《南方周末》跨地區新聞輿論監督報導之研究。新聞學研究，100，137-186。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.蘇蘅、牛隆光、黃美燕、趙曉南(20000700)。臺灣報紙轉型的問題與挑戰--提供讀者更好的選擇？。新聞學研究，64，1-32。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.黃煜、李金銓(20030600)。90年代中國大陸民族主義的媒體建構。臺灣社會研究季刊，50，49-79。new window  延伸查詢new window
18.趙月枝(2000)。From commercialization to conglomeration: The transformation of the Chinese press within the orbit of the party state。Journal of Communication，50(2)，3-26。  new window
圖書
1.Brady, A.-M.(2008)。Marketing dictatorship: Propaganda and thought work in contemporary China。Rowman & Littlefield。  new window
2.Leonard, Mark(2008)。What Does China Think?。New York：Public Affairs。  new window
3.Shirk, Susan L.(2007)。China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics could Derail Its Peaceful Rise。Oxford University Press。  new window
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5.Scott, W. Richard(2008)。Institutions and organizations: Ideas and interests。Sage。  new window
6.羅文輝、陳韜文、潘忠党、蘇鑰機、陳懷林、李金銓、魏然(2004)。變遷中的大陸、香港、台灣新聞人員。臺北：巨流圖書公司。  延伸查詢new window
7.Mosco, Vincent(1996)。The Political Economy of Communication: Rethinking and Renewal。London：Sage Publications。  new window
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10.Merrill, John C.、Lowenstein, Ralph(1971)。Media, Messages, and Men: New Perspectives in Communication。New York：David McKay Company。  new window
其他
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2.中央社(20090509)。中國對媒體報導新型流感疫情下『指導棋』。  延伸查詢new window
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5.何清漣(2007)。霧鎖中國--中國大陸控制媒體策略大揭秘，台北：黎明文化。  延伸查詢new window
6.肖經棟(2010)。記者圈，南京：南京大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
7.吳思輝(2008)。淺論報紙新聞同質化及解決途徑，上海。  延伸查詢new window
8.余寬宏(2006)。武漢報業同質化的現象、利弊與對策。  延伸查詢new window
9.余麗蓉(2003)。武漢報業市場同質化競爭現狀、原因及對策分析。  延伸查詢new window
10.李丹(2006)。從2005年報業拐點看報紙的改革經營之路。  延伸查詢new window
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12.林暉(2004)。未完成的歷史--中國新聞改革前沿，上海：復旦大學出版社。  延伸查詢new window
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14.星燎(2006)。同城報業如何避免同質化。  延伸查詢new window
15.孫有中(2004)。從公共利益角度審視媒體同質化問題。  延伸查詢new window
16.張春林(2007)。報業同質化競爭的規律與趨勢。  延伸查詢new window
17.張裕亮、楊琇晶(2006)。從對象報到黨營傳媒公司--北京青年報制度變革分析。  延伸查詢new window
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21.楊清波、龍倩茜(2008)。重慶都市類報紙同質化現象的解讀與對策。  延伸查詢new window
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26.Brady, Anne-Marie(2006)。The Role of the CCP Central Propaganda Department in the Current Era。  new window
27.Esarey, Ashley(2005)。Cornering the Market: State Strategies for Controlling China’s Commercial Media。  new window
28.Fischer, Doris(2009)。Censorship and Marketization: Institutional Change within China’s Media。  new window
29.He, Zhou(2003)。How Do the Chinese Media Reduce Organizational Incongruence? Bureaucratic Capitalism in the Name of Communism。  new window
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32.Ke, Guo(2010)。Newspapers: Changing Roles。  new window
33.LeTendre, Gerald K., David P. Baker, Motoko Akiba, Brian Goesling, and Alex Wiseman(2001)。Teacher’s Work: Institutional Isomorphism and Cultural Variation in the U.S., Germany, and Japan。  new window
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35.Li, Shu-Chu and Chen-Yi Lee(2010)。Market Uncertainty and Mimetic Isomorphism in the Newspaper Industry: A Study of Taiwan’s Mainstream Newspapers from 1992 to 2003。  new window
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37.Mizruchi, Mark S. and Lisa C. Fein(1999)。The Social Construction of Organizational Knowledge: A Study of the Uses of Coercive, Mimetic and Normative Isomorphism。  new window
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40.Stensaker, Bjorn and Jorunn Dahl Norgard(2001)。Innovation and Isomorphism: A Case-Study of University Identity Struggle 1969-1999。  new window
41.Venard, Bertrand(2009)。Organization Isomorphism and Corruption: An Empirical Research in Russia。  new window
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4.Chan, Joseph M.(2003)。Administrative boundaries and media marketization: A comparative analysis of the newspaper, TV and Internet markets in China。Chinese media, global contexts。New York：Routledge。  new window
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6.Rosen, Stanley(2000)。Seeking Appropriate Behavior under a Socialist Market Economy: An Analysis of Debates and Controversies Reported in the Beijing Youth Daily。Power, Money, and Media: Communication Patterns and Bureaucratic Control in Cultural China (。Evanston,Illinois：Northwestem Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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