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題名:Mass Politics in the Process of Taiwan's Regime Change: Attitudes, Values, and Partisan Preferences (1980-1986)
書刊名:東吳政治學報
作者:游盈隆
出版日期:1992
卷期:1
頁次:頁237-302
主題關鍵詞:大眾政治政治自由化黨派偏好
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(0) 專書(2) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:4
  • 共同引用共同引用:70
  • 點閱點閱:31
在過去的十年當中,政治民主化的研究基本上是「菁英取向的」(Elite-Oriented)研究。政治菁英的領導能力與互動的策略,往往構成分析的重點。相形之下,大眾政治面的研究即很欠缺。儘管很少人會質醫大眾政治態度與行動的模式在政治轉型過程中所具有的理論與實際的重要性,但有關這方面的文獻,到目前為止,仍屬鳳毛麟角。本文的中心旨趣即在為填補這片空白稍盡棉薄之力。 本文的目標在釐清臺灣解嚴之前大眾政治的動動與特徵。資料的來源是台大胡佛教授等1981,1984和1987針對「中央民意代表選舉」所做的一次臺北市,兩次全島性調查研究。本文的分析重點有四方面:(1)大眾的政見態度(Issue attitudes);(2)大眾的民主價值觀念;(3)大眾的黨派傾向(Partisan disposition);(4)大眾的投票行為。筆者即嚐試從這四方面來刻劃臺灣政治自由化前夕大眾的政治取向。 本文的主要研究發現與論證有以下數端: (1)臺灣光復以後,在國民黨統治的四十年間,反對運動的主題一直環繞在臺灣人民自治、民主憲政的建立、人權的保障及社會福利等四方面。儘管有各階段的反對運動領袖的奮鬥與努力,一般大眾雖對反對運動的基本訴求的支持有日漸昇高的趨勢,但反應並不強烈、迅速與廣泛。大多數的民眾若非臣服於主流的意識型態,即是安於享受經濟成長的果實。真正關切政治體系的基本問題的人只佔人口總數的極少的一部份。 (2)在1980年代的前半段,臺灣一般民眾的民主價值觀念已經相當的強。更重要的,這種民主人價值觀念有不斷增強的趨勢。表現在投票行為上,民主價值的強弱已成為是曾支持反對勢力候選人的重要決定因素。惟須注意的事,臺灣一般民眾雖強烈地信仰平等與主權的價值,但對自由和多元值的追求依模稜兩可。這對臺灣民主化的推進兼具正面與負面的作用。 (3)解嚴之前,臺灣一般民眾的黨派傾向呈現了如下的分佈:大約有一半的民眾沒有明顯的政黨認同或偏愛;不同程度地認同國民黨的民眾約略超過百分之四十;而認同黨外和民進黨的民眾則從未超過百分之十。這種黨派傾向的模式似乎很能夠反映臺灣長期的霸權一黨學(Hegemonic one party system)的現象。 更值得注意的是,黨派傾向是影響臺灣選民投票的最重要變數。它的影響力超過民主價值、省籍和職業背景等變數。這強烈地暗示,黨派傾向模式的重組將是影響臺灣未來選舉結果的關鍵因素。 (4)省籍的分歧長久以來一直是臺灣政治衝突的根源。這很明顯地表現在投票行為的模式上。1983和1986兩次立委的選舉中,黨外和民進黨候選人的支持者中超過百分之九十五是本省人。此外,舉其他解釋變數(Explanatory Variables)相比,省籍對民投票的影響力僅次於黨派傾向民主價值這兩個變數。但我們對省籍的影響力的估應較謹慎,因為在缺代精確的測量團體認同的工具下,只憑客觀的省籍背景變數,很可能會低估省籍分岐在投票行為上的重要性。未來研究者必要發展較精良的有關臺灣人認同和意識的測量工具。 (5)在臺灣的大眾政治過程中,社會階級的影響力,直到解嚴前,一直都不明顯,儘管頗多學者樂於使用中產階級的論證來解釋臺灣政治自由化的現象,但幾乎沒有任何具說明力的直接經驗證據可資估證。投票行為的研究發現卻不利於中產階級的論證—即中產階級的壯大是臺灣政治自由化動力,根據我們的資料,在1983年的立委選中,社會階級,總約來說,對投票的影響是不顯著的。在1986年的選舉,社會階級的影響力較增強,但仍遠落於黨派傾向、民主價值和省籍等變數之後,這些發現對中產階級的論證提出了強有力的質疑。
Despite its theoretical and practical importance, mass variables have been largely overlooked in the existing literature of democratic transition. Based upon three election surveys from 1980 to 1986, I investigate the dynamics of mass politics right before and after the critical moment of Taiwan’s liberalization. Specifically, my analysis focuses on the attitudes toward campaign issues, democratic values, partisan preferences and electoral choices of Taiwanese voters during that period of time. Survey-based findings confirm the following observations. First, the attentive public did increasingly respond to the Taiwanese democracy movement, but only midly. Second, enhancing democratic beliefs in the whole population have been a significant factor in promoting the opposition-led democracy movement. Third, partisanship was the most important factor in shaping voter’s choices. Forth, ethnic cleavage has remained the gene of political strain in Taiwan since 1947. Finally, until 1987 main political conflicts in Taiwan have carried on without explicit class content. This suggests that the prevailing middle-class argument in explaining Taiwan’s democratic transition must be fundamentally revised.
期刊論文
1.Tumin, Jonathan(1982)。The Theory of Democratic Development: A Critical Revision。Theory and Society,11(2),143-164。  new window
2.Huntington, Samuel P.(1984)。Will More Countries Become Democratic?。Political Science Quarterly,99(2),193-218。  new window
3.Higley, John、Burton, Michael G.(1989)。The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns。American Sociological Review,54(1),17-31。  new window
4.Swafford, Michael(1980)。Three Parametric Techniques for Contingency Table Analysis: A Nontechnical commentary。American Sociological Review,45,664-690。  new window
5.Lu, Alexander Ya-li(1985)。Future Domestic Developments in the Republic of China on Taiwan。Asian Survey,25(11),1075-1095。  new window
6.Comaroff, John L.(1987)。Of totemism and ethnicity: Consciousness, practice and the signs of inequality。Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology,52(3/4),301-323。  new window
會議論文
1.Gold, Thomas、Shieh, Gwo-shyong(1989)。Transitions from Authoritarianism in East Asia: Empirical Observations。The Conference on Democratization in the Republic of China,(會議日期: 19890109-11)。Taipei。16。  new window
2.King, Ambrose Y. C.(1988)。A Non-Paradigmatic Search for Democracy in a Post-Confucian culture: The ease of Taiwan。The Conference on Political Culture and Democracy in Developing Countries,Hoover Institution (會議日期: September 17, 1988)。  new window
3.Hu, Fu、Chu, Yun-han(1989)。Electoral Competition and Political Democratization in Taiwan。The Conference on Democratization in Republic of China,Institute of International Relations, National Chengchi University, and the Center for International (會議日期: January 9-11, 1989)。Taipei。  new window
學位論文
1.游盈隆(1982)。系統取向與投票行為(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
2.陳明通(1990)。威權政體下臺灣地方政治菁英的流動(1945-1986)--省參議員流動的分析(博士論文)。國立臺灣大學。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Wallerstein, Immanuel(1979)。The Capitalist World-Economy。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.田弘茂(1989)。The Great Transition: Political and Social Change in the Republic of China。Hoover Institution Press。  new window
3.Coleman, James(1965)。Education and Political Development。Princeton:Princeton University Press。  new window
4.Fiske, Susan T.、Taylor, Shelley E.(1984)。Social Cognition。New York:Random House。  new window
5.de Tocqueville, Alexis、Bradley, Phillis(1954)。Democracy in America。New York:Vintage Books。  new window
6.Samuels, Richard J.(1976)。Political Generations and Political Development。Lexington Book。  new window
7.Rossiter, Clinton(1962)。Conservatism in America。Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press。  new window
8.Pye, Lucian W.、Pye, Mary W.(1985)。Asian Power and Politics: The Cultural Dimensions of Authority。Cambridge:Harvard University Press。  new window
9.Milbrath, Lester(1976)。Political Participation。Chicago:Rand McNally。  new window
10.Moore, Barrington Jr.(1967)。Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy。Boston:Beacon Press。  new window
11.Aldrich, John H.、Nelson, Forrest D.(1984)。Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models。Beverly Hills:Sage Publications。  new window
12.McClosky, Herbert、Zaller, John(1985)。The American Ethos: Public Attitudes Toward Capitalism and Democracy。Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press。  new window
13.Dahl, Robert A.(1971)。Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition。New Haven, CT:Yale University Press。  new window
14.Almond, Gabriel A.、Verba, Sidney(1963)。The Civic Culture。Princeton:Princeton University Press。  new window
15.Verba, Sidney、Nie, Norman H.(1972)。Participation in America。New York:Harper and Row。  new window
16.Berelson, Bernard R.、Lazarsfeld, Paul F.、McPhee, William N.(1954)。Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign。University of Chicago Press。  new window
17.Campbell, Angus、Converse, Philip E.、Miller, Warren E.、Stokes, Donald E.(1960)。The American Voter。The University of Chicago Press。  new window
圖書論文
1.Bayart, Jean-Francois(1986)。Civil Society in Africa。Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power。Cambridge:Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.Wiarda, Howard J.(1982)。Social Change, Political Development, and Tradition。Politics and Social Change in Latin America: the Distinct Tradition。Amherst:University of Massachusetts。  new window
3.Wiarda, Howard J.(1986)。Can Democracy Be Exported?。The United States and Latin America in the 1980s。Pittsburgh:Pittsburgh University Press。  new window
4.O'Donnell, Guillermo(1986)。The United States, Latin America, Democracy: Variations on a Very Old Theme。The United States and Latin America in the 1980s。Pittsburgh:Pittsburgh University Press。  new window
5.Conover, Pamela J.、Feldman, Stanley(1986)。The Role of inference in the Perception of Political Candidates。Political cognition。Hilldale, New Jersey:LEA Publishers。  new window
 
 
 
 
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