Shang-shu; T'ien, Heaven; Natural; Religion; Moral Theo Shang-shu or the Book of Ancient History has long been taken as the oldest record for Chinese history, dating from the 20(superscript th) Century B. C. It is composed of a series of political documents said to be issued by Yao, Shun, Yu, and the rulers and sagacious officials of Hsia, Shang, and Chou, and therefore can be regarded as a source book of the philosophy of politics and of history. It is also worth noting the term "T'ien" or "Heaven" in the Shang-shu, a character implying both nature and personal God, indicates an original form of natural religion and morality theology which bears great significance to any rationalized and humanized religion. There are also the terms "T'ien-chi" (Heavenly Order) and "T'ien-hsu" (Heavenly Precepts) referring to both natural law and moral law, and the combination of the two has always been one of the characteristics of natural religion. Moreover, following the historical fact that the founders of Shang and Chou took their power from their predecessors through military revolution, the term "T'ien-Ming" (Heavenly Mandate) was derived from "T'ien" as the divine justification for sovereignty. The term is closely associated with "people's will" and "the sovereign's virtue," which suggests some interdependent relationship between "Heaven" and man. Later on, the concept of "Heaven" became less qualified as personal God and turned to be the shared assumption of the metaphysics of Confucianism, Taoism, and Mohism, which was a sign for the humanistic nature of ancient Chinese religion.