This paper examines the important debate conducted by Luo Zhengan (1465-1547), a master of the Zhu Xi school, and Ouyang Nanye (1496-154), a scholar of the (Wang) Yang-Ming school, during the Ming dynasty. Luo and Ouyang debated on the ideas of liangzhi (original knowing) and zhijue (the faculty of representation), which also implicated theoretical differences between the Zhu Xi and Yang-Ming schools of Neo-Confucianism. Luo, closely following the theoretical structure of Zhu Xi's idea of xinxing (mind-nature), made a rigid distinction between mind and nature. He interpreted Yang-ming's liangzhi in terms of zhijue, identified Yang-ming's liangzhi being tianli (the heavenly principle) with "treating zhijue as nature," and argued vehemently that "liangzhi and tianli are far from one and the same thing." In contrast, Ouyang was well-versed in Yang-ming's dialectical thinking that "both substance and function come from the same source." By clarifying the relationship of liangzhi and zhijue being inseparable and immiscible, he was opposed to "treating zhijue as liangzhi." "Liangzhi and tianli are one and the same thing," Ouyang contended. As a result, we have found in the debate two contradictions. One concerns the relationship between liangzhi and tianli; that is, Luo's "liangzhi and tianli being far from one and the same thing" contradicts Ouyang's "liangzhi and tianli being one and the same thing." The other contradiction resides in what underlies the above two propositions. Justifying their respective positions regarding liangzhi and tianli, Luo appealed to "identifying liangzhi with zhijue," and Ouyang denied "liangzhi being zhijue." This paper intends to fulfill three objectives: First, to disclose the theoretical presuppositions of the Zhu Xi and Yang-Ming schools; secondly, to indicate the fundamental differences in understanding the subject (whether mind being zhijue or liangzhi) and the ontological substance (tianli) between Zhu Xi and Yang-Ming schools; thirdly, to suggest that, in the context of either the history of Chinese philosophy or East Asian Confucianism, this debate on liangzhi and zhijue is a philosophical topic rich in contents and worthy of more attention.