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題名：半總統制的演化：總統化與內閣不穩定
書刊名：問題與研究
作者：郝培芝 引用關係
作者(外文)：Hao, Pei-chih
出版日期：2013
卷期：52:1
頁次：頁101-141
主題關鍵詞：半總統制；內閣穩定；總統化；法國第五共和體制；內閣改組；Semi-presidentialism；Cabinet stability；Presidentialisation；The Fifth Republic；Cabinet reshuffle
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(8) 博士論文(3) 專書(1) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:8
  • 共同引用共同引用:270
  • 點閱點閱:104
現今半總統制國家數目已經正式超越純粹總統制與內閣制，成為當今最多國家採用的政體類型。近來部分研究關注於半總統制國家的演化發展，除探討半總統制國家朝向內閣制傾斜的演化趨勢外，半總統制國家朝向「總統化」（presidentialisation）發展現象也成為學界關心的新研究焦點。本研究嘗試從半總統制國家朝向總統化發展的角度，探討總統化的定義內涵與演化動力、總統化對於政黨體系的影響，特別著重於總統化對於內閣性質以及內閣穩定度（stability of cabinet）的影響。半總統體制下的政黨必須同時面對總統及國會選舉，政黨必須維持總統的高聲望以發揮衣尾效應（coattail effects）來帶動國會的選舉，而獲勝關鍵依據於總統個人聲望與政府行政績效的成功。一方面總統選舉成為政黨存亡關鍵，因此總統保衛戰成為一切政治運作的核心，政黨選舉邏輯成為塑造帝王戰略。另一方面，總統化現象導致內閣成為總統的避雷針（lightning rod）或代罪羔羊（scapegoat），總統往往以改組內閣（reshuffle）或部分調整內閣（cabinet turnover）作為挽救總統民意或保有總統高聲望的政治動作，進而導致內閣的不穩定，且政黨體系朝向兩黨化（bipartisation）將更為強化此種現象。半總統制國家「總統化」最明顯的政治格局展現應該為總統與國會多數相同的一致性政府時期，而過去觀點普遍認為一致性政府的政府穩定性最高，但半總統制「總統化」現象會增加總統介入內閣組成動機，特別是避雷針與代罪羔羊效應將導致總統更動內閣更為頻繁，此一論證與既有觀點有所不同，本文透過衡量內閣穩定度的主要指標，針對法國、臺灣以及俄國三個半總統制國家進行跨國比較。本文發現半總統制「總統化」發展強化了總統主導內閣改組與更替的頻率，但這種因總統化所導致的避雷針效應所產生的內閣變動頻率，主要呈現是更為頻繁地局部內閣變動（cabinet turnover），而非總體的內閣改組（cabinet reshuffle）。
The semi-presidential system has become the most popular regime type in the world, indicated by the number of states that adopted the system having surpassed that of purely presidential system and the parliamentary system since 2000. A number of major studies have recently focused on the evolution of semi-presidentialism; some of the researches have sketched the working mode of parlimentalization of semi-presidential system, and considerable studies have been paying attentions to the development of a semi-presidential system moving towards a presidentialized working mode.This research focuses on the development of presidentialization of politics in the semi-presidential system and explores how the presidentialization has led to an interrelated processes on the existing political party system as well as on the stability of cabinet. The goal of political parties under semi-presidential states is to win the presidential and parliamentary elections, thus the parties have to keep high reputation of each's own presidential candidate in order to generate coat-tail effects on parliamentary elections. The key to win elections depends on the presidential candidate's personal popularity and leadership. Given the presidential election being the most critical to party survival, the electoral strategy of the party has often become a king-making strategy: increasing leadership power and autonomy within the political executive and within political parties as well as increasingly leadership-centered electoral processes. As a result, the king-making process - the symptom of presidentialization - results in the cabinet becoming a "lightning rod" to the president: a privileged tool of changing members of the cabinet to answer public opinion discontent that leads to declining stability of the cabinet. Some relative studies have shown that the president has used this institutional privilege to reshuffle and replace cabinet in his own best interests and that the bipartisan politics further reinforce this kind of development.The most significant political situation of presidentialization in semipresidentialism is the unified government. Generally believed that the unified government should be the most stable, however on the contrary, the presidentialization of semi-presidentialism enforces presidential power to interfere with cabinet formation, by the effects of "lightning rod" and "scapegoat" inducing the president to change the cabinet frequently. This observation is quite different to the existing argument. This article uses some major indicators to measure the cabinet stability and conducts a crossnational comparison via France, Taiwan and Russia. The findings of this article suggest that the presidentialization of semi-presidmetialism does enforce frequent of cabinet changes, but this mainly appears as increased frequency of partial cabinet turnover, not the general cabinet reshuffling.
期刊論文
1.郭秋慶(20091200)。芬蘭半總統制到議會民主的變遷。臺灣國際研究季刊，5(4)，1-23。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Colillard, Jean-Claude(2007)。Une confirmation de l'évolution présidentialist de l'Exécutif。Revue politique et parlementaire，110(1045)，7-11。  new window
3.Ponceryri, Robert(2007)。La Cinquième République au risque de l'hyperprésidentialisme。Revue politique et parlementaire，109(1044)，212-220。  new window
4.Ponceryri, Robert(2007)。L'encadrement du présidentialisme, mission impossible?。Revue politique et parlementaire，110(1045)，33-41。  new window
5.Roux, André(2007)。La clarification des pouvoire au sein de l'exécutif。Revue politique et parlementaire，110(1045)，22-32。  new window
6.Zorgbibe, Charles(2007)。Pour un «vrai» régime presidential。Revue politiqueet parlementaire，1045，55-61。  new window
7.Cheibub, Jose A. Chernykh, Svitlana(2008)。Constitutions and Democratic Performance Semi-Presidential Democracies。Japanese Journal of Political Science，9(3)，269-303。  new window
8.Cheibub, Jose A.、Chernykh, Svitlana(2009)。Are Semi-presidential Constitions Bad for Democratic Performance?。Constitutional Political Economy，20(3)，202-229。  new window
9.Duverger, Maurice(2009)。Semi-Presidentialism and supposed French archetype。West European Politics，32(2)，248-267。  new window
10.Gaffney, J.(2003)。The French fifth republic as an opportunity structure: a neo-institutional and cultural approach to the study of leadership politics。Political Studies，51(4)，686-705。  new window
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12.Grossman, Emiliano(2009)。The President's Choice? Government and Cabinet Turnover under the Fifth Republic。West European Politics，32(2)，268-286。  new window
13.Hooghe, Liesbet、Marks, Gary(2003)。Unraveling the Central state, but How? Types of Multilevel Governance。The American Political Science Review，97(2)，233-243。  new window
14.Huber, John D.、Martinez-Gallardo, Cecilia(2008)。Replacing Cabinet Ministers: Patterns of Ministerial Stability in Parliamentary Democracies。American Political Science Review，102(2)，169-180。  new window
15.Huber, John D.、Martinez-Gallardo, Cecilia(2004)。Cabinet Instability and the Accumulation of Experience: The French Fourth and Fifth Republics in Comparative Perspective。British Journal of Political Science，34(1)，27-48。  new window
16.Ivaldi, Gilles(2007)。Presidential Strategies, Models of Leadership and the Development of Parties in a Candidate-Centred Polity: The 2007 UMP and PS Presidential Nomination Campaigns。French Politics，5，253-277。  new window
17.Kang, Shin-Goo(2009)。The influence of presidential heads of state on government formation in European democracies: Empirical evidence。European Journal of Political Research，48(4)，543-572。  new window
18.Amorim Neto, Octavio、Strøm, Kaare(2006)。Breaking the Parliamentary Chain of Delegation: Presidents and Non-Partisan Cabinet Members in European Democracies。British Journal of Political Science，36(4)，619-643。  new window
19.Nousiainen, Jaakko(2001)。From Semi-prsidentialism to Parliamentary Governments in Finland。Scandinavian Political Studies，24(2)，95-109。  new window
20.Protsyk, Oleh(2005)。Prime ministers' identity in semi-presidential regimes: Constitutional norms and cabinet formation outcomes。European Journal of Political Research，44(5)，721-748。  new window
21.Skach, Cindy(2007)。The Newest Separation of Powers: Semipresidentialism。International Journal of Constitutional Law，5(1)，93-121。  new window
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29.Hix, Simon、Goetz, Klaus(2000)。Introduction: European Integration and National Political Systems。West European Politics，23(4)，142-168。  new window
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31.陳宏銘、梁元棟(20071200)。半總統制的形成和演化--臺灣、法國、波蘭與芬蘭的比較研究。臺灣民主季刊，4(4)，27-69。new window  延伸查詢new window
32.黃秀端(20051200)。候選人形象、候選人情感溫度計、與總統選民投票行為。臺灣民主季刊，2(4)，1-30。new window  延伸查詢new window
33.沈有忠(20121200)。半總統制「權力總統化」之比較研究。臺灣民主季刊，9(4)，1-36。new window  延伸查詢new window
34.Roper, Steven D.(2002)。Are All Semipresidential Regimes the Same? A Comparison of Premier-Presidential Regimes。Comparative Politics，34(3)，253-272。  new window
35.陳宏銘、蔡榮祥(20080600)。選舉時程對政府組成型態的牽引力：半總統制經驗之探討。東吳政治學報，26(2)，117-180。new window  延伸查詢new window
36.陳宏銘(20090900)。臺灣半總統制下的黨政關係：以民進黨執政時期為焦點。政治科學論叢，41，1-55。new window  延伸查詢new window
37.林繼文(20090300)。共治可能成為半總統制的憲政慣例嗎？法國與臺灣的比較。東吳政治學報，27(1)，1-51。new window  延伸查詢new window
38.吳玉山(20020100)。半總統制下的內閣組成與政治穩定--比較俄羅斯、波蘭與中華民國。俄羅斯學報，2，229-265。new window  延伸查詢new window
39.郝培芝(20100600)。法國半總統制的演化：法國2008年修憲的憲政影響分析。問題與研究，49(2)，65-98。new window  延伸查詢new window
40.徐正戎(20010100)。「左右共治」憲政體制之初探--兼論法、我兩國之比較。國立臺灣大學法學論叢，30(1)，1-43。new window  延伸查詢new window
41.Elgie, Robert(2009)。Duverger, Semi-presidentialism and the Supposed French Archetype。West European Politics，32(2)，248-267。  new window
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會議論文
1.李鳳玉、藍夢荷(2010)。半總統制下府會一致的憲政運作；比較2008年總統大選之後的俄羅斯與臺灣。半總統制與民主學術研討會，(會議日期: 2010年6月5日)。臺北：臺大法學院。  延伸查詢new window
2.郝培芝(2012)。半總統制的『總統化』發展：選舉時程、政黨生態與內閣組成。第三屆半總統制與民主學術研討會，臺北大學公共行政暨政策學系、臺北大學公共事務學院與中研院政治所籌備處 (會議日期: 2012年3月17日)。臺北：國立臺北大學。  延伸查詢new window
3.Crowther, William(2008)。ldova's Transition from Semi-Presidentialism: Parliamentary Intentions, Presidential Outcome。Meetings of the Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy: Institutional Choice, Performance, and Evolution，(會議日期: Oct. 2008)。Taipei：Academia Sinica。  new window
4.Elgie, Robert(2008)。Semi-Presidentialism in Western Europe。Meetings of the Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy: Institutional Choice, Performance, and Evolution，(會議日期: October 17-18, 2008)。Taipei：Academia Sinica。  new window
5.Shen, Yu-chung(2010)。From Semi-Presidential to Parliamentary System: The Experiences of Germany and Finland。「轉變中的行政與立法關係」學術研討會。臺北：東吳大學政治系。  延伸查詢new window
6.陳宏銘(2009)。實權總統與執政黨的關係：我國半總統制下國民黨與民進黨執政時期的比較。「黨政關係與國會運作」學術研討會，(會議日期: 2009年5月7日)。台北：東吳大學政治學系。  延伸查詢new window
7.Elgie, Robert(2008)。Semi-Presidentialism : An Increasingly Common Constitutional Choice。Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy: Institutional Choice, Performance and Evolution，(會議日期: 2008/10/17-18)。臺北：中央研究院。  new window
8.Wu, Yu-Shan(2008)。Study of Semi-Presidentialism: A Holistic Approach。International Conference of Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy，(會議日期: October 17-18)。Taipei：Academia Sinica。  new window
9.黃秀端(2010)。雙首長制中總統的角色--台灣與波蘭之比較。轉變中的行政與立法關係學術研討會，東吳大學政治學系 (會議日期: 20100513-14)。台北：東吳大學政治系。  延伸查詢new window
研究報告
1.吳玉山(2008)。半總統制的演化：進與出（3/3） (計畫編號：NSC96-2414-H-001-003)。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
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圖書論文
1.Clift, Ben(2005)。Dyarchic Presidentialization in a Presidentialized Polity: The French Fifth Republic。The Presidentialization of Politics: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies。Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Linz, Juan J.(1994)。Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Differnce?。The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspective。Baltimore：John Hopkins University Press。  new window
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