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題名：共治可能成為半總統制的憲政慣例嗎？法國與臺灣的比較
書刊名：東吳政治學報
作者：林繼文 引用關係
作者(外文)：Lin, Jih-wen
出版日期：2009
卷期：27:1
頁次：頁1-51
主題關鍵詞：半總統制；左右共治；憲政慣例；重複賽局；單記非讓渡投票制；兩輪投票制；制度形成；Semi-presidentialism；Cohabitation；Constitutional convention；Repeated game；SNTV；Two-round system；Institutional building
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(17) 博士論文(2) 專書(2) 專書論文(5)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:17
  • 共同引用共同引用:350
  • 點閱點閱:94
相較於其它憲政體制，半總統制的特殊性在於其雙首長的制度設計。總統是否願意任命佔有國會多數席次的在野黨領袖擔任行政首長，因而成為瞭解半總統制的關鍵。以法國第五共和為例，雖然憲法並未要求總統任命總理需得國會同意，但只要反對聯盟掌握國會多數席次，總統就會任命反對聯盟領袖出任總理，迄無例外。法國三次的「左右共治」，已可視為超越成文規範的憲政慣例。法國如何形成共治的憲政慣例，對於總統從未任命在野多數領袖擔任行政院院長的台灣而言，具有很高的參考價值。為描繪共治慣例的形成過程，本論文以重複賽局來模擬競爭性政治菁英的互動，發現某些條件有利於此一慣例的建立，例如總統的專屬權、鼓勵向心競爭並能產生明確多數的國會選舉制度，以及一定長度的總統任期等。這些條件顯示，如果共治不會大幅削弱總統權力，而反對黨為了爭取多數選票也採取妥協策略，就有可能演變出共治的憲政慣例。台灣與法國，在這些條件上具有明顯的差異，正可解釋兩國總統面對國會反對多數時的不同態度。
Semi-presidentialism is qualitatively different from other constitutional systems by its dual-executive design. Thus, a key issue in the study of semi-presidentialism is whether a president can appoint the leaders of the opposition majority to become the premier. Although the constitutions French Fifth Republic, gives the president to the authority designate the prime minister without parliamentary approval, the president always appoints the leader of the majority party in the parliament, even if that leader of the opposition party or coalition. The three cohabitations of the French Fifth Republic can thus be seen as a convention beyond the provision of the codified constitution. The French cohabitations offer an important lesson for Taiwan, where the president never appoints the leader of the opposition majority to premiership. By modeling the formation of constitutional convention as a repeated game among competing elites, this paper has identified the conditions conducive towards the formation of a constitutional convention of cohabitation. These factors include the frequency of president autonomously exercising his/her power, the formation a parliamentary electoral system that is centripetal and majoritarian-leaning, and duration of the president’s tenure. These conditions can enable the establishement of cohabitation when the presidential power is not diminished and when the seat-maximizing incentive compels the opposition leader to cooperate with the president. The differences between France and Taiwan on these dimensions explain the divergent attitudes taken by respective presidents toward the opposition majority.
期刊論文
1.Liao, Da-chi、Chien, Herlin(2005)。Why No Cohabitation in Taiwan?。China Perspectives，58，59-65。  new window
2.林濁水(19970204)。「半總統制」憲政運作展望。國家政策雙周刊，157，8-10。  延伸查詢new window
3.陳志華(20020600)。「雙首長制」的迷思--突破總統制的侷限與改革趨向。行政暨政策學報，34，1-34。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.鄭夙芬、陳陸輝、劉嘉薇(20080900)。選舉事件與政治信任：以2004年總統選舉為例。問題與研究，47(3)，29-50。new window  延伸查詢new window
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7.廖達琪、洪澄琳(20041200)。反對黨獨大下的分立政府：高雄縣府會關係的個案研究（1985-2003）。臺灣政治學刊，8(2)，5-50。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.Grunberg, Gérard(1999)。Du cohabitationnisme de l'opinion。Pouvoirs，91，83-95。  new window
9.吳重禮、楊樹源(20010900)。臺灣地區縣市層級「分立政府」與「一致政府」之比較：以新竹縣市與嘉義縣市為例。人文及社會科學集刊，13(3)，251-304。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.吳重禮、黃紀、張壹智(20030300)。臺灣地區「分立政府」與「一致政府」之研究：以1986年至2001年地方府會關係為例。人文及社會科學集刊，15(1)，145-184。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.陳宏銘、蔡榮祥(20080600)。選舉時程對政府組成型態的牽引力：半總統制經驗之探討。東吳政治學報，26(2)，117-180。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.鄭夙芬、陳陸輝、劉嘉薇(20050600)。2004年總統選舉中的候選人因素。臺灣民主季刊，2(2)，31-70。new window  延伸查詢new window
13.高朗(20010300)。評析我國少數政府與聯合政府出現的時機與條件。理論與政策，15(1)=57，1-11。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.Duverger, Maurice(1980)。A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government。European Journal of Political Research，8(2)，165-187。  new window
15.吳重禮、王宏忠(20030500)。我國選民「分立政府」心理認知與投票穩定度：以2000年總統選舉與2001年立法委員選舉為例。選舉研究，10(1)，81-114。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.黃紀、吳重禮(20001200)。臺灣地區縣市層級「分立政府」影響之初探。臺灣政治學刊，4，105-147。new window  延伸查詢new window
17.張佑宗(20060300)。選舉事件與選民的投票抉擇：以臺灣2004年總統選舉為分析對象。東吳政治學報，22，121-159。new window  延伸查詢new window
18.黃德福(20001200)。少數政府與責任政治：臺灣「半總統制」之下的政黨競爭。問題與研究，39(12)，1-24。new window  延伸查詢new window
19.沈有忠(20050300)。制度制約下的行政與立法關係：以我國九七憲改後的憲政運作為例。政治科學論叢，23，27-60。new window  延伸查詢new window
20.吳玉山(20000900)。The ROC's Semi-Presidentialism at Work: Unstable Compromise, Not Cohabitation。Issues & Studies，36(5)，1-40。new window  new window
21.張壯熙(19960100)。法國「左右共治」經驗的啟示。問題與研究，35(1)，73-86。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.徐正戎(20010100)。「左右共治」憲政體制之初探--兼論法、我兩國之比較。國立臺灣大學法學論叢，30(1)，1-43。new window  延伸查詢new window
23.Wu, Yu-shan(20050700)。Appointing the Prime Minister under Incongruence: Taiwan in Comparison with France and Russia。Taiwan Journal of Democracy，1(1)，103-132。  new window
24.陳宏銘(20071200)。臺灣半總統制下「少數政府」的存續：2000~2004。東吳政治學報，25(4)，1-64。new window  延伸查詢new window
25.蘇子喬(20060600)。我國「雙首長制」為什麼不會換軌？--制度因素之分析。政治學報，40，41-84。new window  延伸查詢new window
26.吳重禮、徐英豪、李世宏(20040900)。選民分立政府心理認知與投票行為：以2002年北高市長暨議員選舉為例。政治科學論叢，21，75-115。new window  延伸查詢new window
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28.Ardant, Philippe and Olivier Duhamel.(1999)。“La Dyarchie.”。Pouvoirs，91，5-24。  new window
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35.Kirschke, Linda.(2007)。“Semipresidentialism and the Perils of Power-Sharing in Neopatrimonial States.”。Comparative Political Studies，40, 11，1372-1394。  new window
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39.Poulard, Jean V.(199)。“The French Double Executive and the Experience of Cohabitation.”。Political Science Quarterly，105, 2:，243-267.。  new window
圖書
1.Lijphart, Arend(1998)。Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty-Six Countries。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
2.Elgie, Robert、Griggs, Steven(2000)。French Politics: Debates and Controversies。Routledge。  new window
3.Jennings, W. I.(1959)。The Law and the Constitution。London：University of London Press。  new window
4.Hardin, Russell(1999)。Liberalism, Constitutionalism, and Democracy。Liberalism, Constitutionalism, and Democracy。Oxford, UK：Cambridge University Press。  new window
5.Duverger, Maurice、North, Barbara、North, Robert(1963)。Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State。New York：John Wiley & Sons, Inc。  new window
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7.徐正戎(2002)。法國總統權限之研究。台北：元照出版社。new window  延伸查詢new window
8.陳慈陽(200401)。憲法學。臺北：元照。  延伸查詢new window
9.Shugart, Matthew S.、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
10.Sartori, Giovanni(1997)。Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes。New York, NY：New York University Press。  new window
11.Skach, Cindy(2005)。Borrowing Constitutional Designs: Constitutional Law in Weimar Germany and the French Fifth Republic。Princeton University Press。  new window
12.Axelrod, Robert M.(1984)。The Evolution of Cooperation。Basic Books。  new window
13.Bagehot, Walter.(1867)。The English Constitution。Ithaca。  new window
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圖書論文
1.Hardin, R.(1989)。Why a Constitution?。The Federalist Papers and the New Institutionalism。New York：Agathon。  new window
2.Thiébault, Jean-Louis(2000)。France: Forming and Maintaining Government Coalitions in the Fifth Republic。Coalition Governments in Western Europe。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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