經過長征,中國共產黨在延安對民族政策做出了調整,提出為實現民族平等,讓少數民族在自己聚居的地方自己管理自己事務的主張,并最終發展、定型為民族區域自治制度。通過對照當時顧頡剛、傅斯年和費孝通、吳文藻提出的兩種解決中國民族問題的思路,本文認為,中共在關于回回和蒙古民族問題的兩個文獻中的思考,既沒有采取否定中國多民族國家中少數民族"民族身份"的路徑,也沒有忽略這種"民族身份"在民族主義時代對多民族國家的挑戰,在學理上確立了在多民族國家中實行民族平等的兩個重要原則:一是在少數民族聚居的地方尊重和保障少數民族管理本民族內部事務的權利,二是少數民族必須在國家認同問題上毫不動搖。中共由此確立了一個既符合學理,也符合中國實際的在多民族中國真正實行民族平等政策的理論。這個理論至今仍然有其強大的生命力。

After the Long March,in Yan’an,the CPC adjusted its nationality policies,and proposed that ethnic minorities should manage their own internal affairs in their own places,which was finalized as regional autonomy for ethnic minorities.By comparing the two ideas put forward by Gu Jiegang,Fu Sinian,Fei Xiaotong and Wu Wenzao to solve nationality issues in China,the paper argues that in the two literatures on nationality issues of the Huis and the Mongols,the CPC did not adopt the solution of denying nationality identity of ethnic minorities in the multi-national Chinese state,and also did not ignore the challenges of the nationality identity to the multi-national state in the era of nationalism.Theoretically,the CPC established two important principles for the equality of nationalities in the multi-national state:first,respect and guarantee the rights of ethnic minorities to manage their own internal affairs in the the areas where they inhabit;second,ethnic minorities must unswervingly adhere to the national identity.The author concludes that the CPC has established a theory about the equality of nationalities that is in line with scientific principle and reality of multi-national China.This theory still has strong vitality by now.