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題名:以情感的角度剖析在敵人陰影底下的民主
作者:舒奎翰 引用關係
作者(外文):Su, Kuei-Han
校院名稱:國立交通大學
系所名稱:社會與文化研究所
指導教授:朱元鴻
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2014
主題關鍵詞:民主敵人愛國主義同胞愛民族主義群眾煽動家情感情緒DemocracyEnemyEmotionFeelingpatriotismfraternitydemagogue
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本文旨在探討在面對敵人威脅的時刻民主政治可能的發展傾向,討論的策略則在於以情感操作的因素進行。當人們意識到敵人的威脅時,由於集體不安全感的升高,往往是政治參與和政治動員最高的時刻。依據施密特的分析,區分敵友不僅是政治領域的特徵,也是不可避免的現象。而關於誰是敵人,則必須依照現實的對抗態勢來決定。由於民族國家體系是當前最具普遍性與支配性的國際政治架構,因此敵人的為威脅則往往來自異族與他者。而只要敵人的意象能夠被清晰的只認出來時,整個政治議題的焦點就集中到應和如何與之對抗上,從而有可能產生對人權與公民權不當侵犯。但由於民主是在建立在多數統治的原則之上,支配的合法性必須要多數民意為後盾,因此,如何面對敵人在民主中不僅是統治者的責任,也是全民必須面對的抉擇。在這種態勢中,誰能夠控制輿論並由此操控社會的集體心態與情感,就成為政治鬥爭的勝負關鍵。
儘管本文的切入角度是情感因素,但本文並不打算以特定的情感或情緒作為討論的對象。這是因為情感因素是多重顯現的,在任何一個政治議題中,人們都可以發現有多種的情緒涉入其中。為了能清楚說明當前民主政治中圍繞著情感性因素構成的權力角力場,特別是多數統治與人權議題之間的矛盾,亦即同時在人民主權中既實踐公民權但又可能侵犯人權的情況,我特別選擇三個概念進行闡釋,這三者分別是:(1)愛國主義(patriotism);(2)博愛/同胞愛(fraternity);(3)群眾煽動家(demagogue)。這三個概念與現象各自作為一個分析側面,呈現了在面對敵人威脅時的民主的不同面貌,其各自顯示多數統治原則對人權與公民權的侵犯如何有可能在情感操作的情況中達成。民主時代的權力與支配關係並不是單純的二元對立模式,在同一性的原則中,在民族化的人我區隔標準下,在政治操作的支持與反叛中,自以為站在正義的一方,因為這樣而流露出的各種情感,其實反而顯示既定支配模式的反覆延續。透過上述的分析與視角,本文嘗試揭露了民主在敵人陰影底下的可能遭遇的兩難與困境,在其中個人的情感並不像平常人們所想像的那麼私密與自主,儘管情感的表達也被看成是權利行使的一部分,而且能夠代表自己的想法、意志、意願與願望,但在政治有需要它的時候,通常發生的則是自發性的被徵召與被動員。這說明了在民主體制之中,真正的敵人往往不是別人,就是我們自己。
Abstract
This paper aims to explore the moment in the face of enemy threats possible development of democratic political tendencies, discussed the strategy lies in the emotional factors were operating. When people realize that the enemy threat, due to the rise of collective insecurity, often times the highest political participation and political mobilization. According to Carl Schmidt's analysis, the distinction between friend and enemy is not only the characteristics of political field, but also an inevitable phenomenon. And about who is the enemy, people must confront the reality of the situation in accordance to decide. Due to the nation-state system is currently the most universal and dominant international political architecture, so the enemy threat is often from alien and the others. When the image of the enemy can be recognized clearly, the entire political agenda would be focus on how to fight with them. In this moment, it will make it possible to generate improper violations of human rights and citizenship. But democracy is founded on the principle of majority rule, govern legitimacy must be backed by the majority of public opinion, therefore, how to deal with the enemy is not only in a democratic rulers must face, but also all the people must face the choice. In such a situation, and who is able to control public opinion and thus manipulate the collective mentality and emotions of society, has become the key to the outcome of the political struggle.
Despite the cut angle of this article is the emotional factor, but this article is not intended to be a particular emotion or mood as the object of discussion. This is because the emotional factors are multiple appearing in any one political agenda, people can find a variety of emotions involved in it. In order to clearly democratic politics around the current field of power struggles constitute emotional factors, especially the contradiction between majority rule and human rights issues, that is the people's sovereignty while the practice of citizenship in both possible cases of human rights violations, I select three concepts to explain, these three are: (1) patriotism; (2) fraternity; (3) demagogue. These three concepts and phenomena as an analysis of each side presents a different face of democracy in the face of the enemy threat, the principle of majority rule in their respective displays of human rights and civil rights violations in the case of how it is possible to reach the emotional operation. Relations of power and domination era of democracy is not a simple dualistic model, the identity of the principles in the nationalization of the people I segment standard, with the support of the rebel political operation, since that stand in the side of justice because it reveals the variety of emotions and, in fact, the contrary is displayed repeatedly established dominant mode of continuity. Through the above analysis and perspective, this paper attempts to expose the dilemma and difficulties that may be encountered in a democracy under the shadow of the enemy, in which personal feelings are not like ordinary people imagined it to privacy and autonomy, although the expression of emotion is also seen is part of the right to exercise, and to represent their ideas, will, wishes and desires, but in politics need it usually happens is the spontaneity of being recruited and mobilized. This shows that in a democracy real enemy is often not the others but our own.
Key words: democracy, emotion, enemy, patriotism, fraternity, demagogue, nationalism
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游盈隆(1996),《民意與台灣政治變遷-1990年代台灣民意與選舉政治的解析》,台北,月旦出版社。new window
新週刊主編(2013),《台灣最美的風景是人》,台北,華品文創。
趙剛(1998),《告別妒恨—民主危機的出路與探索》,台灣社會研究叢刊。new window
趙彥寧(2002),〈家國語言的公開秘密:試論下階層中國流亡者自我敘事的物質性〉,《台灣社會研究季刊》,46期,頁45-85。new window
--(2004),〈社福資源分配的戶籍邏輯與國境管理的限制:由大陸配偶的入出境管控機制談起〉,《台灣社會研究季刊》,59期,頁43-90。
--(2006),〈情感政治與另類正義:在台大陸配偶的社會運動經驗〉,《政治與社會哲學評論》,16期,頁87-152。
羅立佳(2008),《轉型正義的政治性重探:正義之名下的民主、秩序與時間形構》,國立交通大學社會與文化研究所碩士論文。

官方書籍
國史館(2001),《台灣主權論述選編》,台北,國史館。
9/11獨立調查委員會,(2005),《9/11委員會報告》,史禺等譯,北京,世界知識出版社。

報紙投書
丁思立(2009),〈暈針三問〉,《自由電子報》,2009-11-25。
王健壯(2011),〈別跟不買墨水的人吵架〉,《聯合報》民意論壇,2011-02-20。
林保華(2009),〈林保華專欄:台灣人不是馬英九的白老鼠〉,《自由電子報》,2009-12-30。
陳長文(2006),〈冷漠麻木的大法官解釋〉,《中國時報》民意論壇,2006-11-09。
謝炎堯(2009a),〈我國能自製新流感疫苗嗎?〉,《自由電子報》,200912-19。
--(2009b),〈檢討國光H1N1新流感疫苗的爭議〉,《自由電子報》 2009-12-20。
蘇益仁(2010),〈疫苗社會學,好昂貴的一堂課〉,《聯合報》民意論壇,2010-01-15。

新聞報導
公視新聞網(2004),〈公投制憲 美國務院搬出四不一沒有〉,2004-11-03。http://news.pts.org.tw/detail.php?NEENO=7766。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
中央日報(2011),「社論」,2011-06-03。
中央社(2010),「新流感美牛案 內憂外患楊志良落淚」,2010-01-06。
中國時報(2010),「卸任前 楊志良告7名嘴」,2010-02-11、A2版。
台灣立報(2013),「衛報週評:注意民粹主義橫掃歐洲」,2013-12-31。
自由電子報(2009a),「國光疫苗人體實驗出爐」,2009-10-23。
--(2009b),〈國光成人疫苗今取得許可證〉,2009-11-12
--(2009c),〈醫護打疫苗 進口、國產各有疑慮〉,2009-11-03。
--(2009d),〈楊志良嗆鄭弘儀:理盲又濫情〉,2009-12-15。
--(2009e),〈綠委涂醒哲:國光疫苗是全世界最差的〉,2009-12-26。
--(2010a),〈改挺國光 涂醒哲代言疫苗廣告〉,2010-01-06。
--(2010b),〈挺國光?涂醒哲:希望廣告停播〉,2010-01-07
--(2014a),〈美蓋洛普民調:視中國為最主要敵國〉,2014-02-21。
--(2014b),〈陸委會最新民調,支持統一僅一成一〉,2014-03-15。
東森新聞(2012),〈綠委擬提陸生納健保,蘇貞昌:個人不宜躁進〉,2012-08-13,http://www.ettoday.net/news/20120813/87061.htm。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
星島日報,〈中國海軍實力威脅美國領導地位〉,2013-11-21。
風傳媒(2014),〈冷對種族暴力,翁山蘇姬惹爭議〉,2014-04-16,http://www.stormmediagroup.com/opencms/news/detail/34d14f94-c568-11e3-896c-ef2804cba5a1/?uuid=34d14f94-c568-11e3-896c-ef2804cba5a1。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
今日新聞(2009a),〈新流感/痛斥鄭弘儀《大話》亡國論 楊志良:就是我!〉,2009-08-28,http://www.nownews.com/2009/08/28/10844-2498264.htm。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
--(2009b),〈國光疫苗圖利廠商?楊志良嗆「大話」名嘴〉,2009-12-12,http://www.nownews.com/n/2009/12/12/792149。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
經濟日報(2001),「大陸來台觀光 延至選後鬆綁 」,2001-10-10,A6版
聯合報(2009),「新流感疫苗單日接種創新低」,2009-12-26、A6版
--(2010a),〈任務完成 中央流行疫情中心 解散〉,2010-02-25、A8版。
--(2010b),〈今起接種疫苗可自選〉,2010-01-09,B1版
--(2010c),〈挺疫苗 不是挺國光〉,2010-01-08、A6版。
--(2010d),〈楊志良:自由時報要有水準〉,2010-01-21,A1版
--(2010e),〈自由時報:標題有打問號〉,2010-01-21,A3版。
--(2010f),〈美疾管局鑑定 劉小弟死無關疫苗〉,2010-01-26,A6版。
聯合晚報(2007),〈大陸人士來台須生物特徵辨識 蘇貞昌:台灣安全不能打折〉,2007-01-02,A4版。
--(2008),〈兩岸共同市場 謝打恐共牌 馬開放大步走〉,2008-03-03、A2版。
--(2009),〈楊志良:疫苗無色,不分藍綠〉,2009-12-15、A8版。
--(2010a),〈疫苗緩打潮 新流感漸升溫〉,2010-01-17、A1版。
--(2010b),〈第三例孕婦感染新流感死亡 疫苗卻等無人〉,2010-01-19、A8版。
--(2010c),〈壓力大?太委屈?立委打氣 楊志良哭了〉,2010-01-06、A5版。
蘋果日報(2010),〈新流感疫苗 幾近停打,施打人數新低 疾管局挽民心 主動鑑定疑案〉,2010-01-06。
--(2012),〈綠:75%民眾反陸生納健保〉,2012-10-13。

網路瀏覽
網路視頻
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kgRrbYsuN4&list=PLBA266C69CFB1B918,《20091224 H1N1疫苗到底該不該打》,(瀏覽日期,20130515)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kS67cNWRYfo,《失言? 涂醒哲:H1N1確診是馬520週年禮物》,(瀏覽日期,20130615)

維基百科
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demagogue。(瀏覽日期,201404015)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/持久自由行動。(瀏覽日期,20140208)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/中華臺北。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/李登輝。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/維園六四燭光晚會。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/費希平。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/美萊村屠殺。(瀏覽日期,20140707)
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/甲型流感病毒H1N1亞型。(瀏覽日期,20140707)

 
 
 
 
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