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題名：新興半總統制國家的共治運作機制與路徑多樣性
書刊名：東吳政治學報
作者：張峻豪 引用關係
作者(外文)：Chang, Chun-hao
出版日期：2015
卷期：33:2
頁次：頁121-185
主題關鍵詞：半總統制；共治；新興民主國家；路徑依賴；Semi-presidentialism；Cohabitation；New democracies；Path dependence
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(5) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:2
  • 共同引用共同引用:243
  • 點閱點閱:122
本文採取路徑依賴觀點，挑選1990年之後進入半總統制的新興民主國家：保加利亞、立陶宛、蒙古、尼日共和國、波蘭、斯洛維尼亞、聖多美普林西比、斯洛伐克、羅馬尼亞、喬治亞，分析其在共治期間所展現的不同類型與樣態。本文從總統或國會實質任命總理的制度出發，按此制度選擇原因及歷史條件，探討接續所影響的行政權歸屬、行政立法互動關係，以及當中初始條件和關鍵時刻的交互作用。本文將說明，雖然國會中心的任命方式，成為各國出現共治的初始條件，但隨著關鍵時刻 所產生的制度再製，在行政權應屬總統或總理的運作過程中，亦引發國會與總統對行政事務主導權之相爭。因此，在「總統與總理的行政權歸屬」以及「總統與國會關係」的影響下，共治將不必然造成半總統制的「向上提升」。另外，本文也認為，由於共治的選擇可能是一種權宜之計、歷史文化結構下的產物，或是制度所造成行動者不得不為之後果，故共治的運作機制及其多元意義，將更凸顯一國憲政民主實踐的機會與侷限。
From the perspective of path dependence, this paper analyzes various forms of cohabitation under semi-presidentialism in the nascent democracies of Bulgaria, Lithuania, Mongolia, Niger, Poland, Slovenia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Slovakia, Romania, and Georgia. By examining the historical circumstances that resulted in a system in which either the president or the parliament names a prime minister in practice, this paper discusses how the government system design affects the executive power vesting dispute, the interactive relationship between the executive and the legislative, as well as the interaction between initial conditions and critical junctures(?). Although there was a similarity that every country chose a parliamentary-led nomination system at the beginning, the system reproduction at the/a critical moment would cause the/a dispute about the real head of the executive between the president and the premier, in addition to the competition for controlling the executive operation between the president and the parliament. As a result, cohabitation does not inevitably make semi-presidentialism move forward. Besides, this paper argues that the various operational mechanisms of cohabitation reveal a state’s chances and limits to constitutional democracy in practice since cohabitation may be makeshift caused by the historical or cultural structure, or a result that the institution forces the actors to behave in a way in which they have no other choice.
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18.洪茂雄(19990600)。後共產主義時期保加利亞的政經發展。美歐季刊，13(2)=134，181-204。  延伸查詢new window
19.陳宏銘、梁元棟(20071200)。半總統制的形成和演化--臺灣、法國、波蘭與芬蘭的比較研究。臺灣民主季刊，4(4)，27-69。new window  延伸查詢new window
20.林國明(20030600)。到國家主義之路：路徑依賴與全民健保組織體制的形成。臺灣社會學，5，1-71。new window  延伸查詢new window
21.許恒禎(20120600)。臺灣與蒙古半總統制下政府型態的比較。東吳政治學報，30(2)，71-125。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.Pierson, Paul(2000)。Increasing Return, Path Dependence, and the Study of Politics。American Political Science Review，94(2)，251-267。  new window
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24.Krasner, Stephen D.(19840100)。Review Article: Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics。Comparative Politics，16(2)，223-246。  new window
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28.沈有忠(20110300)。半總統制下行政體系二元化之內涵。政治科學論叢，47，33-64。new window  延伸查詢new window
29.Bennett, Andrew、Elman, Colin(2006)。Complex Causal Relations and Case Study Methods: The Example of Path Dependence。Political Analysis，14(3)，250-267。  new window
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35.蘇子喬(20111200)。哪一種半總統制？--概念界定爭議的釐清。東吳政治學報，29(4)，1-72。new window  延伸查詢new window
36.Elgie, Robert(2009)。Duverger, Semi-presidentialism and the Supposed French Archetype。West European Politics，32(2)，248-267。  new window
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38.Mahoney, James W.(2000)。Path Dependence in Historical Sociology。Theory and Society，29(4)，507-548。  new window
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會議論文
1.Elgie, Robert(2008)。Semi-presidentialism: An Increasingly Common Constitutional Choice。The Conference on Semi-presidentialism and Democracy: Institutional Choice, Performance, and Evolution，Institute of Political Science, Academia Sinica (會議日期: 2008/10/17-10/18)。  new window
2.Wu, Yu-Shan(1999)。Taiwan's Constitutional Framework and Cross-Straits Relations。Conference on the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association，(會議日期: 1999/09/02-09/05)。Atlanta：American Political Science Association。  new window
研究報告
1.洪茂雄(2003)。後共產主義時期波海三國政經發展情勢 (計畫編號：NSC91-2414-H-004-050)。臺北：行政院國家科學委員會。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Shugart, Matthew S.、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
2.道格拉斯．諾斯、劉瑞華(1994)。制度、制度變遷與經濟成就。時報文化出版企業有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
3.Linz, Juan José、Stepan, Alfred C.(1996)。Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe。The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
其他
1.(2014)。Election in Niger，http://africanelections.tripod.com/ne.html。  new window
2.African History(2014)。Niger，http://africanhistory.about.com/od/niger/l/bl-Niger-Timeline.htm。  new window
3.Dąbrowski, Tomasz(2013)。Romania: Increasingly Compatible Cohabitation，http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/analyses/2013-05-22/romania-increasingly-compatible-cohabitation。  new window
4.Myers, Steven(2004)。Lithuanian Parliament Removes Country's President After Casting Votes on Three Charges，http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/07/world/lithuanian-parliament-removes-country-s-president-aftea-casting-votes-three.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3As， 2014/12/01。  new window
5.Parties and Elections in Europe(2014)。Countries，http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/countries.html。  new window
6.Presidential Power(2014)。Presidents and Presidential Politics around the World，http://presidential-power.com/?p=1716。  new window
7.The Semi-presidential One(2014)。List of Cohabitation，http://www.semipresidentialism.com/。  new window
8.Wikipedia(2014)。Mongolian Legislative Election (1992, 1996, 2004, 2008)，http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_legislative_ election,_1992, 1996, 2004, 2008， 2014/12/01。  new window
9.法治世界網(2014)。世界憲法大全，http://www.tw-roc.org/2015/12/1。  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Gallagher, Tom、Andrievici, Viorel(2008)。Romania: Political Irresponsibility without Constitutional Safeguards。Semi-Presidentialism in Central and Eastern Europe。Manchester：Manchester University Press。  new window
2.Urbanavicius, Dainius(1999)。Lithuania。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
3.Krašovec, Alenka、Lajh, Damjan(2012)。Weak Formal Position, Strong Informal Influence?。Semi-presidentialism in Central and Eastern Europe。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
4.Malová, Darina、Rybář, Marek(2012)。Slovakia's Presidency: Consolidating Democracy by Curbing Ambiguous Powers。Semi-presidentialism in Central and Eastern Europe。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
5.林繼文(2000)。半總統制下的三角政治均衡。政治制度。臺北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所。  延伸查詢new window
 
 
 
 
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