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題名：半總統制下行政體系二元化之內涵
書刊名：政治科學論叢
作者：沈有忠 引用關係
作者(外文)：Shen, Yu-chung
出版日期：2011
卷期：47
頁次：頁33-64
主題關鍵詞：半總統制；二元體系；分權式二元；分時式二元；Semi-presidentialism；Dual-executive；Horizontal dualistic；Vertical dualistic
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
相關次數：
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(21) 博士論文(2) 專書(2) 專書論文(2)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:19
  • 共同引用共同引用:154
  • 點閱點閱:53
行政體系二元化是半總統制重要的特色之一。這個二元化的設計，將總統與總理視為二元架構中的兩個領導者，然而，當代對半總統制的研究中，對於所謂的二元體系大多定義為二元行政分權治理的情況。之所以有這樣的前提，主要原因一方面是受到法國模式的影響，另一方面是大多的半總統制國家，其現實的政治運作也凸顯了二元架構的分權治理。然而，也有一部份的半總統制國家，其二元行政的設計並非來自於權力的分配，而是基於一種將總統視為備而不用的、治理能力填補式角色的考量。這類國家，在制度設計上吻合對半總統制的定義，但具體的運作卻引起是否適合歸類於半總統制的質疑，例如奧地利、冰島、 2000年之後的芬蘭、新興民主的斯洛維尼亞、甚至如歷史上的威瑪共和等。基於此，本文擬就行政體系二元化為比較的焦點，探究不同設計理念下的二元行政。本文認為，在制度上分權治理二元行政是一種分權式的二元分權結構；而具有相互補充的二元行政則是一種分時式權力置換的二元結構。這兩種類型都符合對半總統制的定義，但卻會對憲政運作造成截然不同的影響。
A dual-executive is the central characteristic of semi-presidential systems. Both the president and the prime minister are political leaders of the government. The current literature defines the relationship between the president and the prime minister as either cooperative or competitive. There are also many semi-presidential regimes such as the Fifth French Republic, in which the prime minister is regarded as the president’s challenger. However, there are also some semi-presidential regimes in which the president is regarded only as a political leader “in reserve”. In normal times, the government is led by the prime minister. The constitutional operation of these countries, such as Austria, Iceland, Finland after 2000, Slovenia, and Weimar Germany is similar to parliamentary systems, but with a semi-presidential constitution. Therefore, dual-executive systems should be differentiated between horizontal and and vertical dual systems. Under a horizontal dual-executive system, the president and the prime minister are both political leaders at the same time. They might either share or fight for power at the head of government. However, under a vertical dual-executive system, the president is regarded as a leader only under exceptional circumstances. These two different dual-executive systems both conform to standard definitions of semi-presidentialism, but their constitutional operations are entirely different.
期刊論文
1.Liao, Da-chi、Chien, Herlin(2005)。Why No Cohabitation in Taiwan?。China Perspectives，58，59-65。  new window
2.Protsyk, Oleh(2003)。Troubled Semi-Presidentialism: Stability of the Constitutional System and Cabinet in Ukraine。Europe-Asia Studies，55(7)，1077-1095。  new window
3.林繼文(20030600)。憲法作為一種制度。政治與社會哲學評論，5，35-74。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Boban, Davor(2007)。'Minimalist' Concepts of Semi-presidentialism: Are Ukraine and Slovenia Semi-presidential States?。Politička Misao，44(5)，155-177。  new window
5.Nousiainen, Jaakko(2001)。From Semi-Presidentialism to Parliamentary Government: Political and Constitutional Developments in Finland。Scandinavian Political Studies，24(2)，95-109。  new window
6.陳宏銘、梁元棟(20071200)。半總統制的形成和演化--臺灣、法國、波蘭與芬蘭的比較研究。臺灣民主季刊，4(4)，27-69。new window  延伸查詢new window
7.Roper, Steven D.(2002)。Are All Semipresidential Regimes the Same? A Comparison of Premier-Presidential Regimes。Comparative Politics，34(3)，253-272。  new window
8.Duverger, Maurice(1980)。A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government。European Journal of Political Research，8(2)，165-187。  new window
9.Easter, Gerald M.(1997)。Preference for presidentialism: Postcommunist regime change in Russia and the NIS。World Politics，49(2)，184-211。  new window
10.林繼文(20090300)。共治可能成為半總統制的憲政慣例嗎？法國與臺灣的比較。東吳政治學報，27(1)，1-51。new window  延伸查詢new window
11.吳玉山(20020100)。半總統制下的內閣組成與政治穩定--比較俄羅斯、波蘭與中華民國。俄羅斯學報，2，229-265。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.林繼文(20020300)。Democratic Stability under Taiwan's Semi-Presidentialist Constitution: Implications for Cross-Strait Relations。Issues & Studies，38(1)，47-79。new window  new window
13.沈有忠(20100600)。半總統制的崩潰、延續與轉型：威瑪共和與芬蘭的憲政比較。問題與研究，49(2)，99-130。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.吳玉山(20000900)。The ROC's Semi-Presidentialism at Work: Unstable Compromise, Not Cohabitation。Issues & Studies，36(5)，1-40。new window  new window
15.徐正戎(20010100)。「左右共治」憲政體制之初探--兼論法、我兩國之比較。國立臺灣大學法學論叢，30(1)，1-43。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.Wu, Yu-shan(20050700)。Appointing the Prime Minister under Incongruence: Taiwan in Comparison with France and Russia。Taiwan Journal of Democracy，1(1)，103-132。  new window
17.沈有忠(20061200)。半總統制下的行政首長選擇：制度與理性結構的分析。政治學報，42，189-219。new window  延伸查詢new window
18.陳宏銘(2009)。臺灣半總統制下的黨政關係。政治科學論叢，41，1-56。  延伸查詢new window
19.Bebler, Anton(2002)。Slovenia's Smooth Transition。Journal of Democracy，13(1)，127-140。  new window
20.Constantinesco, Vlad、Pierré-Caps, Stéphane(2006)。France: The Quest for Political Responsibility of the President in the Fifth Republic。European Constitutional Law Review，2，341-357。  new window
21.Pesonen, Pertti(1994)。The First Direct Election of Finland's President。Scandinavian Political Studies，17(3)，259-272。  new window
22.Frey, Timothy(1997)。A Political of Institutional Choice: Post-Communist Presidenies。Comparative Political Studie，30(5):，523-552。  new window
23.Richter, Ludwig(1998)。Reichspraesident und Ausnahmegewalt: Die Genese des Artikels 48 in den Beratungen der Weimar Nationalversammlung。Der Staat，37(2)，221-247。  new window
會議論文
1.Wu, Yu-Shan(2008)。Study of Semi-Presidentialism: A Holistic Approach。International Conference of Semi-Presidentialism and Democracy，(會議日期: October 17-18)。Taipei：Academia Sinica。  new window
2.Crowther, William(2008)。Moldova's Transition from Semi-Presidentialism: Parliamentary Intentions Presidential Outcome。Taipei, Taiwan。  new window
學位論文
1.劉致賢(2001)。穩定半總統體系在府會關係轉變下的運作--以芬蘭與法國為例(碩士論文)。國立臺灣大學。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Arter, David(1998)。Finland。Semi-presidentialism in Europe。New York, NY：Oxford University Press。  new window
2.Offe, Claus、Elster, Jon、Preuß, Ulrich K.(1998)。Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea。Cambridge University Press。  new window
3.Mauersberg, Jasper(1991)。Ideen und Konzeption Hugo Preuß für die Verfassung der deutschen Republik 1919 und ihre Durchsetzung im Verfassungswerk von Weimar。Frankfurt am Main：Peter Lang Verlag。  new window
4.Preuß, Hugo(1926)。Staat, Recht und Freiheit: Aus 40 Jahren Deutscher Politik und Geschichte。Tübingen：J. C. B. Mohr Verlag。  new window
5.Welan, Manfried(1992)。Der Bundespräsident: Kein Kaiser in der Republik。Wien：Böhlau Verlag。  new window
6.Welan, Manfried(1999)。Demokratie auf Österreichisch。Wien：Czemin Verlag。  new window
7.Gillessen, Günther(2000)。Hugo Preuss: Studien zur Ideen- und Verfassungsgeschichte der Weimarer Republik: Erstveröffentlichung der Dissertation von 1955。Berlin：Duncker and Humblot Verkag。  new window
8.Müller, Wolfgang C.、Strøm, Kaare(2000)。Coalition Governments in Western Europe。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
9.沈有忠(20090000)。威瑪憲政變奏曲：半總統制憲法的生命史。臺北：五南圖書出版股份有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
10.Shugart, Matthew S.、Carey, John M.(1992)。Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamic。Cambridge：Cambridge University Press。  new window
11.Sartori, Giovanni(1997)。Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes。New York, NY：New York University Press。  new window
12.Skach, Cindy(2005)。Borrowing Constitutional Designs: Constitutional Law in Weimar Germany and the French Fifth Republic。Princeton University Press。  new window
13.呂炳寬、徐正戎(20050000)。半總統制的理論與實際。臺北：鼎茂圖書。new window  延伸查詢new window
14.Berchtold, Klaus(1998)。Verfassungsgeschichte der Republik Österreich。Wien。  new window
15.Elgie, Robert.(1999)。France。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford。  new window
16.Krašovec, Alenka、Lajh, Damjan(2008)。Slovenia: weak formal position, strong informal influence?。Semi-presidentialism in Central and Eastern Europe。New York。  new window
17.Kristinsson, Gunnar Helgi(1999)。Iceland。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford。  new window
18.Shugart, Matthew Søberg.(2006)。Comparative Executive-Legislative Relations。The oxford Handbook of Political Institutions。New York。  new window
19.Müller, Wolfgang C.(1999)。Austria。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford。  new window
圖書論文
1.Bunce, Valerie(1997)。Presidents and the Transition in Eastern Europe。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
2.Bernhard, Michael(1997)。Semipresidentialism, Charisma, and Democratic Institutions in Poland。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics。The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
3.Cerar, Miro(1999)。Slovenia。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford University Press。  new window
4.Keeler, John T. S.、Schain, Martin A.(1997)。Institutions, Political Poker, and Regime Evolution in France。Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics: Comparing Regional and National Contexts。The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
5.Paloheimo, Heikki(2001)。Divided Government in Finland: From a Semi-Presidential to a Parliamentary Democracy。Divided Government in Comparative Perspective。New York：Oxford University Press。  new window
6.Urbanavicius, Dainius(1999)。Lithuania。Semi-Presidentialism in Europe。Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
7.Elgie, Robert(2007)。What is Semi-Presidentialism and Where Is It Found?。Semi-Presidentialism Outside Europe。New York：Routledge Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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