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題名：柔性權力與馬基維利
書刊名：人文社會科學研究
作者：胡全威
作者(外文)：Hu, Chuan-wei
出版日期：2015
卷期：9:3
頁次：頁48-65
主題關鍵詞：馬基維利；奈伊；柔性權力；君主論；國際傳播；Machiavelli；J. Nye；Soft power；The Prince；International communication
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哈佛大學奈伊教授提出柔性權力概念，主張擁有柔性權力的國家，有助於其國家利益。筆者從馬基維利的觀點，指出柔性權力固有其重要性，人民的意向影響力確實甚大，但是人性並非善於感恩，尤其是國家與國家之間的人民。此外，在表象政治之中，事實的真相與外界所能知道的訊息，仍然有很大的差距。最後在道德層次上，馬基維利有其自認最高的道德價值：秩序，除此之外，其它德行則僅僅是為了迎合人民，隨時可以改變。因此，透過馬基維利的洞見，指出柔性權力的侷限性，並且指出從表象政治的觀點，政治人物宣稱的道德觀往往只是為了迎合民眾之用，並非這些政治人物現真正確實遵守的規範。總結來說，柔性權力的概念迷人，也確實可以在當前國際環境中，看到其吸引力。但是，實際政治運作中，也要小心柔性權力的弊端，倘若一味堅持柔性權力，無疑只是一廂情願，將心中所想，投射到真實生活中，那恐怕會造成自我傷害。
Professor J. Nye from Harvard University coined the term ＂soft power,＂ which has become a popular concept in international relations and communications because we are entering the global information age today. Soft power refers to the power that attracts and makes people do what you want. According to Machiavelli, however, soft power has three defects. First, human nature, especially people from different courtiers, are not grateful and are not always thankful for foreign help. They might change on their own necessity. Second, media politics or the politics of appearance still dominate the public life. Few people can know the truth, but many are influenced by what they have gained through information, which might be distorted by a few people on purpose. Finally, about moral issues in realism, this paper indicates two levels of moral thinking. On the one hand, the decision-maker should pay more attention to ethical issues because people favor legitimate policies. On the other hand, the prince or politicians should be aware that all moral actions might lead to worse results, which are the insights offered by Machiavelli. After all, this paper wants to emphasize that in modern ＂global information age＂, information transmitted by traditional media and the Internet has more impacts on international relations, which should be studied in advance.
期刊論文
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3.張至涵(20130400)。歐巴馬政府的干預利比亞政策：一個道德現實主義的觀點評析。遠景基金會季刊，14(2)，99-143。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Blair, T.(2007)。Tony Blair's 'Media' Speech: The Prime Minister's Reuters Speech on Public Life。The Political Quarterly，78(4)，476-487。  new window
5.Goldsmith, B. E.、Horiuchi, Y.(2012)。In Search of Soft Power: Does Foreign Public Opinion Matter for Us Foreign Policy?。World Politics，64(3)，555-585。  new window
6.Hoadley, S.(2013)。Taiwan Update: Domestic Reform and Soft Power Diplomacy。New Zealand International Review，38(1)，7-10。  new window
7.Zhou, Qingan、Mo, Jinwei(2012)。How 21st-Century China Sees Public Diplomacy as a Path to Soft Power。Global Asia: A Journal of the East Asia Foundation，7(3)，18-23。  new window
8.Keck, Z.(2013)。Destined to Fail: China's Soft Power Push。The Diplomat。  new window
9.Nye, Joseph S. Jr.(20130423)。What China and Russia Don't Get About Soft Power。Foreign Policy，2013(Apr.)。  new window
10.Plattner, M. F.(2012)。Media and Democracy: The Long View。Journal of Democracy，23(4)，62-73。  new window
11.Thomaß, B.(2011)。Wikileaks and the Question of Responsibility within a Global Democracy。European View，10(1)，17-23。  new window
12.蕭高彥(20020600)。西塞羅與馬基維利論政治道德。政治科學論叢，16，1-27。new window  延伸查詢new window
13.Manzenreiter, Wolfram(2010)。The Beijing Games in the Western Imagination of China: The Weak Power of Soft Power。Journal of Sport & Social Issues，34(1)，29-48。  new window
14.Wang, H.、Lu, Y. C.(2008)。The Conception of Soft Power and Its Policy Implications: A Comparative Study of China and Taiwan。Journal of Contemporary China，17(56)，425-447。  new window
15.蕭高彥(19980600)。馬基維利論政治秩序--一個形上學的考察。政治科學論叢，9，145-171。new window  延伸查詢new window
16.Wang, Yiwei(2008)。Public Diplomacy and the Rise of Chinese Soft Power?。The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science，616(1)，257-273。  new window
圖書
1.Hayden, Craig(2012)。The Rhetoric of Soft Power: Public Diplomacy in Global Contexts。Lexington Books。  new window
2.Shirk, Susan L.(2011)。Changing Media, Changing China。Oxford University Press。  new window
3.Morris, Dick(1999)。The New Prince: Machiavelli Updated for the Twenty-First Century。Los Angeles：Renaissance Books。  new window
4.Stoker, Gerry(2006)。Why Politics Matters: Making Democracy Work。New York。  new window
5.胡光夏(2007)。媒體與戰爭：「媒介化」、「公關化」、「視覺化」戰爭新聞的產製與再現。五南圖書出版有限公司。  延伸查詢new window
6.Buchanan, Mark(2007)。The Social Atom: Why the Rich Get Richer, Cheaters Get Caught, and your Neighbor Usually Looks Like You。New York：Bloomsbury。  new window
7.Naím, M.(2013)。The End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States, Why Being In Charge Isn't What It Used to Be。New York：Basic Books。  new window
8.涂成林、史嘯虎(2011)。國家柔性權力與文化安全研究︰以廣州為例。北京：中央編譯出版社。  延伸查詢new window
9.吳光遠(2008)。魔鬼教科書。台北：海鴿。  延伸查詢new window
10.夏珍、郭崇倫、吳典蓉(2011)。維基解密。台灣：時周。  延伸查詢new window
11.劉文科(2010)。權力運作中的政治修辭--美國「反恐戰爭」（2001-2008）。北京：人民。  延伸查詢new window
12.Chomsky, Noam(2002)。Media Control: The Spectacular Achievements of Propaganda。Seven Stories Press。  new window
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15.Gramsci, A.(1957)。The Modern Prince: And Other Writings。New York：International Publishers。  new window
16.Holiday, R.(2013)。Trust Me, I'm Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator。New York：Penguin。  new window
17.Iyengar, S.(2011)。Media Politics: A Citizen's Guide。W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.。  new window
18.Jacques, M.(2012)。When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order。New York：Penguin。  new window
19.Kerpen, D.(2011)。Likeable Social Media: How to Delight Your Customers, Create an Irresistible Brand, and Be Generally Amazing on Facebook (& Other Social Networks)。New York：McGraw-Hill。  new window
20.Lippmann, W.(1997)。Public Opinion。New York：Simon & Shuster Inc.。  new window
21.Lord, C.(2003)。The Modern Prince: What Leaders Need to Know Now。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
22.Machiavelli, N.、Mansfield, H. C.(1985)。The Prince。Chicago：University of Chicago Press。  new window
23.Nye, J. S.(1991)。Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power。New York：Basic Books。  new window
24.Parmar, Inderjeet、Cox, Michael(2010)。Soft Power and Us Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives。Routledge。  new window
25.Sanders, K.(2009)。Communicating Politics in the Twenty-First Century。Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire。  new window
26.Strauss, Leo(1968)。Natural Right and History。Chicago：University of Chicago Press。  new window
27.Strauss, L.(1984)。Thoughts on Machiavelli。Chicago：University of Chicago Press。  new window
28.Watanabe, Y.、McConnell, D. L.(2008)。Soft Power Superpowers: Cultural and National Assets of Japan and the United States。Armonk, N.Y.：M.E. Sharpe。  new window
29.Herman, Edward S.、Chomsky, Noam(2002)。Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media。New York：Pantheon Books。  new window
30.Nye, Joseph S.(2008)。The Powers to Lead。New York：Oxford：Oxford University Press。  new window
31.Kurlantzick, Joshua(2007)。Charm Offensive: How China's Soft Power Is Transforming the World?。Yale University Press。  new window
32.Nye, Joseph S. Jr.(2004)。Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics。Public Affairs。  new window
33.Rawls, John(1999)。A Theory of Justice。Harvard University Press。  new window
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35.Sandel, Michael J.(2009)。Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do?。Farrar Straus & Giroux。  new window
其他
1.Schroeder, R.(2013)。U.S. Debt Now About 73% of Gdp, Cbo Says，http://www.marketwatch.com/story/us-debt-now-about-73-of-gdp-cbo-says-2013-09-17-1091240.， 2013/10/12。  new window
2.Waterman, S.(2012)。'Only Taiwan' holds any reins on China: Confucianist leaders use soft power。  new window
3.Whitehead, S.(20130730)。China Will Be Changed by Taiwan over Time。  new window
4.Wing, N.(2013)。Jimmy Carter Defends Edward Snowden, Says Nsa Spying Has Compromised Nation's Democracy，http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/18/jimmy-carter-edward-snowden_n_3616930.html， 2014/10/12。  new window
5.Wu, J. Y.(20100218)。Soft Power Lets Taiwan Overcome Poverty, Survive Despotism: Lu。  new window
6.Nye, Joseph S. Jr.(20051229)。The Rise of China;s Soft Power，http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/pubIication/1499/rise_of_chinas_soft_power.html。  new window
圖書論文
1.Chu, Y. H.(2011)。Taiwan's Soft Power and the Future of Cross-Strait Relations: Can the Tail Wag the Dog?。Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
2.Lee, S. W.(2011)。The Theory and Reality of Soft Power: Practical Approaches in East Asia。Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in East Asia。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
3.Nye, J. S.(2010)。Responding to My Critics and Concluding Thoughts。Soft Power and Us Foreign Policy: Theoretical, Historical and Contemporary Perspectives。New York：London：Routledge。  new window
4.Van Ham, P.(2005)。Power, Public Diplomacy, and the Pax Americana。The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
5.Wang, H.(2011)。China's Image Projection and Its Impact。Soft Power in China: Public Diplomacy through Communication。New York：Palgrave Macmillan。  new window
6.Zifcak, S.(2012)。The Emergence of Wikileaks: Openness, Secrecy and Democracy。More or Less: Democracy and New Media。Victoria。  new window
 
 
 
 
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