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題名:高中學生進行開放式科學探究活動之個案研究
作者:劉宏文
作者(外文):Hung-Wen Liu
校院名稱:彰化師範大學
系所名稱:科學教育研究所
指導教授:張惠博
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2001
主題關鍵詞:高級中學科學探究問題解決科學概念concept learningsenior high schoolinquiryproblem solving
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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  • 點閱點閱:93
  本研究旨在探討於開放式探究活動的情境下,學生提出的研究問題有何特質?如何精鍊與解決研究問題?學生對開放式探究活動環境的知覺如何?以及如何經由探究活動建構出科學知識的理解?研究者以建構主義與情境認知教學理論作為理論基礎,經由人種誌研究法,在活動現場,以一年時間參與觀察進行開放式探究活動的三組學生(共九位)的學習歷程。研究者以訪談、問卷、概念圖、實驗報告、紙筆測驗等研究工具,收集學生在活動過程中的相關數據,並進行質的分析。研究發現:一、學生有興趣探討的研究問題多與其學習和生活經驗相關;研究問題,會隨著探究活動的進行,通過環境、教師與小組成員的互動,而逐漸形塑成適合探究的形式。在探究過程中所浮現的問題,無法事先預期,必須在研究現場才能知覺問題的存在。問題解決的過程也顯示出「權宜性」與「索引性」的特質。二、學生在探究活動學習到的技能與過程,無法完全轉移到探究活動之外的情境。學生對科學活動的興趣、參與程度,是影響科學學習成果的主要因素。三、通過概念的連結與命題關係的建立,學生可以進行科學論述,彼此檢視、修正個人的想法;合作建構概念圖的歷程與結果,會反映在學生個別建構的概念圖中,然而,一些未經公開討論的個人想法,或某些個人堅持的迷思概念,仍會在個人建構的概念圖中顯現。學生對科學知識的理解會隨著探究活動的進行更加精緻,小組討論的歷程與個人知識建構互成辯證的關係。四、探究題目的選擇與精鍊階段,或當學生缺乏相關概念知識之時,教師的引導與協助有其必要,教師引導學生進行探究,一方面可以減少學生陷入盲目摸索的泥淖,另一方面可以讓學生知覺到學習的責任,反省自己的學習歷程。五、學生在開放式探究活動中解決問題的特質、小組成員互動的模式以及知識建構的歷程,與科學家在真實活動中的探究歷程有許多類似的經驗,但在探究經驗與專業領域內的科學知識,學生與科學家有很大的差別。此外,研究者建議,在高中階段應讓學生有更多的機會從事真實性科學活動,經驗科學探究的歷程,才能以更為符合科學本質的方式學習科學。
The purpose of this study was to investigate the following questions associated with open-ended inquiry environment: the features of problems framed by students, the process of problem elaborating and problem solving, the perception of open-ended inquiry student had, and the construction of science knowledge in personal and group level during open-ended inquiry activity. Over a one-year period, the researcher used interviews, survey, concept maps, laboratory reports, paper-pen tests as data collecting tools, and qualitative analysis as methodology to describe a wide range of phenomena which happened in open-ended inquiry in three groups of nine students. It was found that the problems students brought up were closely related to their daily life experiences. Besides, they could be shaped gradually through the interactions among individuals and resources to such an extent that they could be explored by means of quantitative measurements. Problems which emerged in the period of open-ended inquiry, could not be predicted. For these emergent problems, there are no algorithms, which lead to solutions. Through open-ended inquiry, students learn to cope with the contingences and indexicality to solve the problems. Students seem to be able to engage in complex cognitive activity when they work in a group and situational inquiry settings. But individual students could not transform these activities and skills efficiently to context-free environments. Both students'''' interests in science and extent of participating in inquiry, were the major factors to bear on the learning achievements in open-ended inquiry. Through the connection between concepts and the construction of proposition relations, student engaged in science talks and structured their conceptual framework each other. The results of collaborative concept mapping were expressed in the within-group similarities of individual maps. But individuals still hold on to specific ideas when these misconceptions were not discussed overtly. Students'''' understanding about science knowledge becomes deeper and more complex when students have engaged a number of practices to interact with the phenomena they studied. At the initial stage of exploration, students experienced greater difficulties in formulating their research problems because of lacking cognitive capacity and subject content knowledge. It was important to assist students in framing more complex research questions through the metaphor of apprenticeship. Over time, students became increasingly independent and began to design most of the investigations on their own; on the other hand, students became more responsible and reflective on their learning process. There were many similarities between students'''' work and that of scientists. But there were still essential differences between the two. These differences aroused from conceptual background rather than from specific rationality to scientific thinking. Based on the results of this research, it was suggested that high school students should learn science concepts, process, and skills efficiently from authentic science activity. In order to help students to experience the uncertainties, ambiguities, and the social nature of scientific work, we should instruct students to learn science in contexts constituted in part by ill-defined problems.
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