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題名：美國有限電視新聞網（CNN）報導台灣形象之框架分析（1990-2011）
作者：方怡文
作者(外文)：...
校院名稱：中國文化大學
系所名稱：中山與中國大陸研究所中山學術組
指導教授：彭懷恩
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2011
主題關鍵詞：國家形象；新聞框架；CNN
原始連結：連回原系統網址new window
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摘要
本研究是個跨領域的題目，除了大眾傳播理論外，也從美中臺關係和外交政治領域汲取能量。挑選《美國有線電視新聞網》(CNN)代表美國媒體作個案研究；檢視1990年4月18日到2011年9月31日為止的CNN美國版資料庫，考察每天新聞報導裡出現的臺灣報導是以何種框架形塑臺灣形象傳播給美國人，使得媒介框架內化成社會的刻板印象形成意識型態的共識。本研究試圖考察CNN報導臺灣反映的框架與形象的建構，嘗試摸索媒介框架和美國的臺灣外交政策之間存在的結構性層次相關關係。
本文分析CNN編輯政策在臺灣3位總統任期間是否出現變化的軌跡以及由於CNN強大的國際傳播力報導臺灣的框架選擇，最終形成強化或者醜化臺灣國家形象的樣態。採用內容分析的量化研究方法和Entman的層級活化模型方法探討CNN如何報導台灣。以系統抽樣方法，從4,798個母數抽出1,100百個樣本研究。用卡方檢定(Chi-square)，方差分析(ANOVA)，Post Hoc事後多重檢驗-- Bonferroni法和Gamma統計量測驗進行編碼資料的分析。
本文以Entman的層級活化模型研究發現，雖然捍衛最佳國家利益的看法不同，「媒介框架」和「政策框架」曾在形塑民意過程中出現「媒介框架」不同意「政策框架」的交鋒，不過，CNN編輯政策習慣反映美國官方立場，最終「媒介報導框架」總和「政策框架」趨於一致。此外，研究也發現CNN對精英或公眾參與詮釋新聞事件框架的把關嚴格，但是卻引用很多政府官員跟媒體在內的公司、企業的新聞事件框架，以上發現達顯著水準，說明媒體和有權力者之間存在著依附關係--媒體屈服於權勢和金錢的本質並不意外。
在3位總統間，CNN編輯政策沒有顯著差異。但是，李登輝總統時期導言中出現「臺灣」的比例比陳水扁總統時期及馬英九時期多，達很顯著水準；陳總統時期和馬總統時期導言中出現「臺灣」的比例則差不多。在馬總統時期CNN以「評論」方式報導臺灣的比例最低，陳總統時期採用「評論」報導臺灣的比例又比李總統時期來的少；以上差異達非常顯著水準。在「標題」方面，李總統時期和陳總統時期CNN報導在標題出現「臺灣」最多的是政治新聞，但到馬總統時期標題出現「臺灣」字樣最多的是文化、社會和災難新聞，以上發現達到非常顯著水準。CNN習慣以臺灣不為主、以美國為中心的方式報導臺灣新聞，陳總統時期以臺灣為主的報導大增，主要集中於報導陳總統衝撞美中臺關係紅線的新聞；而馬總統時期CNN報導較多「美中」或「兩岸」新聞，以上差異達非常顯著水準。CNN報導臺灣主要引用美國消息來源，不過，陳總統時期引用最多臺灣消息報導，因為陳總統成為CNN報導中的爭議性人物，所以CNN引用臺灣消息報導的比例增加。到馬總統時期雖然引用臺灣消息報導的比例下降，然而和李總統時期比較起來還是明顯增加，以上差異檢定達非常顯著水準。
CNN報導臺灣在3位總統間發現CNN報導臺灣採用越來越多自行採訪的方式；但是，報導傾向有越來越和臺灣疏離的趨勢。CNN報導臺灣框架態度傾向：政治新聞框架為民主的、正面的、美臺關係友善的，美對臺看法好的；陳水扁總統時期比李登輝總統時期正面；李登輝總統時期又比馬英九總統時期正面，以上差異達非常顯著水準。財經新聞框架為發達的、建設性的、美臺關係是讚的，美看臺關係是優的；陳水扁總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架比李登輝總統時期正面，李登輝總統時期又比馬英九總統時期正面，其中，發達、建設性、財經美臺關係框架差異未達顯著水準，只有美對臺看法框架差異達非常顯著水準。CNN報導臺灣社會新聞的框架為先進的、正的、美臺關係近的，美對臺看法好的；陳水扁總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架比李登輝總統時期正面，李登輝總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架又比馬英九總統時期正面，以上差異檢定除美對臺關係外達顯著或非常顯著水準。CNN報導臺灣藝文新聞框架為進步的、正向的、美臺關係棒的，美對臺看法文明的；CNN報導臺灣新聞在陳水扁總統和馬英九總統時期使用一樣多的正面框架，李登輝總統時期CNN報導臺灣使用最少的正面框架；但在藝文新聞的美對臺看法上，差異的排序是陳水扁總統時期使用最多正面報導框架，接著是馬英九總統時期，最後是李登輝總統時期，以上除了「進步的」框架達很顯著水準外，其餘未達顯著水準。
CNN報導臺灣國家形象分4類，臺灣政治、財經、社會國家形象排名依序為陳水扁總統時期，李登輝總統時期及馬英九總統時期；在藝文國家形象的排名則為陳水扁總統時期，馬英九總統時期及李登輝總統時期。以上除了財經國家形象未達顯著水準外，其餘臺灣國家形象差異均達顯著水準。Entman的層級活化模型分析發現，小布希總統對臺政策特別友善導致陳水扁總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架比其他2位總統時期對臺灣的報導使用更多正面的框架。
關鍵字：國家形象、新聞框架、CNN
 
Abstract
The study uses an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on research from Mass Communications, U.S.-China-Taiwan relations, and International Diplomatic studies. It considers CNN-U.S. stories covering Taiwan from April 18, 1990 to September 31, 2011which use discourses of framing and broadcasting to shape the image of Taiwan for Americans via daily news coverage; these discourses stereotype Taiwan through the use of metaphors of ideologies creating a consensus in American society on the image of Taiwan. The study aims to outline the relational nature and hierarchical structure of the framing tendency and the image building reflected in the construction of CNN coverage as well as the United States foreign policy on Taiwan.
The study also analyzes CNN editorial policy regarding reporting on Taiwan due to CNN's powerful international broadcast capability which could eventually enhance or disgrace the Taiwanese national image, and examine how much difference and change if any, actually exists among three presidencies of Taiwan.
This paper explored how CNN covers Taiwan in both quantitative content analysis and Entman's cascading activation model in terms of methodology. One thousand and one hundred samples were drawn from a 4,798 population in a systematic sampling technology. Chi-square, ANOVA, Post Hoc multiple test in Bonferroni, and Gamma test statistical means were applied.
CNN's editorial policy reflects official stances of the United States most of the time. According to Entman's model, sometimes media framing policy conflicts with the governmental policy framing in defense of what is believed to be the best national interests; but both frames would agree with each other eventually. Much more framing control is held by the media, non-media corporations and government rather than either the elites or the public. The media comply with the authorities, the wealthy, people with power, which is of unsurprising.
There is no significant statistic difference found in CNN's editorial policy towards the three presidents. However, 'Taiwan' is mentioned more in the Lead during President Lee's era in comparison with President Chen or President Ma, which reaches a statistically significant difference. Yet, there is no statistical difference found in a comparison of the use of 'Taiwan' between President Chen's era and President Ma's era. There are significant statistical differences revealed when looking at the amount of commentary found in the terms of the presidents; in President Ma's era, commentary was the least; President Chen's era had more than Ma's, but less than President Lee's era. Headlines more often highlighted 'Taiwan' during President Lee's and President Chen's eras in CNN's coverage of Taiwan. More cultural, social and disaster news referenced 'Taiwan' in the headlines during President Ma's era. These findings reach a very significant level.
CNN is not accustomed to telling Taiwan-centered stories, instead using American-centered coverage of news about Taiwan. A significant increase in Taiwan-centered stories occured in President Chen's era in reporting on Taiwan, mainly due to President Chen's attempt to challenge the status quo in US-China-Taiwan relations; CNN reported more news covering the American-Taiwanese relationship as well as across the strait news in President Ma's era. The above findings reach a very significant difference statistically. CNN mainly uses U.S. sources when it covers Taiwan, but President Chen's era was the exception since he was viewed as a controversial figure by CNN, so that CNN had to use more Taiwanese as the most-cited sources when reported President Chen. Fewer Taiwanese sources were utilized during President Ma's era in covering Taiwan in comparison with President Chen's, but Taiwanese sources increased in CNN coverage of Taiwan substantially when compared with President Lee's era, which reached a very much significant difference level.
Research findings reveal that from the beginning of Lee's era through Ma's era, CNN moved from using other sources predominantly to using primarily their own reporting sources; but there is another tendency as well. CNN's framing of Taiwan changed in tone: the dominant tone is of democratic and positive in political news with friendly U.S.-Taiwan relations as well as a good perception of Taiwan. CNN covers Taiwan with more positive framings in President Chen's era than in President Lee's, while President Lee's era is also found to be more positively represented than President Ma's, with differences that reach a very significant level. The framing is developed and constructive in financial news and applauds U.S.-Taiwan relations, as well as shows an excellent perception of Taiwan. CNN covers Taiwan with more positive framings in President Chen's time than in President Lee's, while President Lee's term also is found to be more positive than President Ma's term, with differences haven't reach statistical significance in the categories of developed, constructive, and U.S. relations framings; only the perception reached a very significant level. The framing is advanced and positive in social news, with a closer U.S.-Taiwan relationship, as well as a good perception of Taiwan. CNN covers Taiwan with more positive framings in President Chen's era than in President Lee's, while President Lee's era is more positive than President Ma's. A very significant difference level is found in the above findings, except in U.S.-Taiwan relations in CNN coverage of Taiwanese social news. The framing is progressive and positive in cultural news with good relations as well as a civilized perception of Taiwan. The same number of positive framings were used in President Chen's and President Ma's eras, while the least positive framing was utilized for coverage of Taiwan during President Lee's era. However, CNN covered Taiwan using more positive frames in President Chen's era than President Lee's, while more positive frames on perception in President Ma's era than President Lee's. Only the framing of 'progress' reaches a very significant level. The other three frames do not reach a statistically significant level.
There are four categories of Taiwanese national images in this study: Taiwan's political, financial, social, and cultural national images. CNN reported Taiwan's national image best during President Chen's term, the second best was President Lee's term, and President Ma's term is the last in terms of political, financial, and social national images. President Chen's term sees the most positive cultural national image of Taiwan; President Ma's term is second, and President Lee's term is the last. All of these Taiwan national images show differences between the presidencies which reach the significant level except Taiwan's financial national image. Entman's model suggests that the differences can be accounted for by the impact of President Bush's policies towards Taiwan, in which President Chen's era has a more positive framing than the other two eras.

摘要
本研究是個跨領域的題目，除了大眾傳播理論外，也從美中臺關係和外交政治領域汲取能量。挑選《美國有線電視新聞網》(CNN)代表美國媒體作個案研究；檢視1990年4月18日到2011年9月31日為止的CNN美國版資料庫，考察每天新聞報導裡出現的臺灣報導是以何種框架形塑臺灣形象傳播給美國人，使得媒介框架內化成社會的刻板印象形成意識型態的共識。本研究試圖考察CNN報導臺灣反映的框架與形象的建構，嘗試摸索媒介框架和美國的臺灣外交政策之間存在的結構性層次相關關係。
本文分析CNN編輯政策在臺灣3位總統任期間是否出現變化的軌跡以及由於CNN強大的國際傳播力報導臺灣的框架選擇，最終形成強化或者醜化臺灣國家形象的樣態。採用內容分析的量化研究方法和Entman的層級活化模型方法探討CNN如何報導台灣。以系統抽樣方法，從4,798個母數抽出1,100百個樣本研究。用卡方檢定(Chi-square)，方差分析(ANOVA)，Post Hoc事後多重檢驗-- Bonferroni法和Gamma統計量測驗進行編碼資料的分析。
本文以Entman的層級活化模型研究發現，雖然捍衛最佳國家利益的看法不同，「媒介框架」和「政策框架」曾在形塑民意過程中出現「媒介框架」不同意「政策框架」的交鋒，不過，CNN編輯政策習慣反映美國官方立場，最終「媒介報導框架」總和「政策框架」趨於一致。此外，研究也發現CNN對精英或公眾參與詮釋新聞事件框架的把關嚴格，但是卻引用很多政府官員跟媒體在內的公司、企業的新聞事件框架，以上發現達顯著水準，說明媒體和有權力者之間存在著依附關係--媒體屈服於權勢和金錢的本質並不意外。
在3位總統間，CNN編輯政策沒有顯著差異。但是，李登輝總統時期導言中出現「臺灣」的比例比陳水扁總統時期及馬英九時期多，達很顯著水準；陳總統時期和馬總統時期導言中出現「臺灣」的比例則差不多。在馬總統時期CNN以「評論」方式報導臺灣的比例最低，陳總統時期採用「評論」報導臺灣的比例又比李總統時期來的少；以上差異達非常顯著水準。在「標題」方面，李總統時期和陳總統時期CNN報導在標題出現「臺灣」最多的是政治新聞，但到馬總統時期標題出現「臺灣」字樣最多的是文化、社會和災難新聞，以上發現達到非常顯著水準。CNN習慣以臺灣不為主、以美國為中心的方式報導臺灣新聞，陳總統時期以臺灣為主的報導大增，主要集中於報導陳總統衝撞美中臺關係紅線的新聞；而馬總統時期CNN報導較多「美中」或「兩岸」新聞，以上差異達非常顯著水準。CNN報導臺灣主要引用美國消息來源，不過，陳總統時期引用最多臺灣消息報導，因為陳總統成為CNN報導中的爭議性人物，所以CNN引用臺灣消息報導的比例增加。到馬總統時期雖然引用臺灣消息報導的比例下降，然而和李總統時期比較起來還是明顯增加，以上差異檢定達非常顯著水準。
CNN報導臺灣在3位總統間發現CNN報導臺灣採用越來越多自行採訪的方式；但是，報導傾向有越來越和臺灣疏離的趨勢。CNN報導臺灣框架態度傾向：政治新聞框架為民主的、正面的、美臺關係友善的，美對臺看法好的；陳水扁總統時期比李登輝總統時期正面；李登輝總統時期又比馬英九總統時期正面，以上差異達非常顯著水準。財經新聞框架為發達的、建設性的、美臺關係是讚的，美看臺關係是優的；陳水扁總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架比李登輝總統時期正面，李登輝總統時期又比馬英九總統時期正面，其中，發達、建設性、財經美臺關係框架差異未達顯著水準，只有美對臺看法框架差異達非常顯著水準。CNN報導臺灣社會新聞的框架為先進的、正的、美臺關係近的，美對臺看法好的；陳水扁總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架比李登輝總統時期正面，李登輝總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架又比馬英九總統時期正面，以上差異檢定除美對臺關係外達顯著或非常顯著水準。CNN報導臺灣藝文新聞框架為進步的、正向的、美臺關係棒的，美對臺看法文明的；CNN報導臺灣新聞在陳水扁總統和馬英九總統時期使用一樣多的正面框架，李登輝總統時期CNN報導臺灣使用最少的正面框架；但在藝文新聞的美對臺看法上，差異的排序是陳水扁總統時期使用最多正面報導框架，接著是馬英九總統時期，最後是李登輝總統時期，以上除了「進步的」框架達很顯著水準外，其餘未達顯著水準。
CNN報導臺灣國家形象分4類，臺灣政治、財經、社會國家形象排名依序為陳水扁總統時期，李登輝總統時期及馬英九總統時期；在藝文國家形象的排名則為陳水扁總統時期，馬英九總統時期及李登輝總統時期。以上除了財經國家形象未達顯著水準外，其餘臺灣國家形象差異均達顯著水準。Entman的層級活化模型分析發現，小布希總統對臺政策特別友善導致陳水扁總統時期CNN報導臺灣框架比其他2位總統時期對臺灣的報導使用更多正面的框架。
關鍵字：國家形象、新聞框架、CNN
 
Abstract
The study uses an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on research from Mass Communications, U.S.-China-Taiwan relations, and International Diplomatic studies. It considers CNN-U.S. stories covering Taiwan from April 18, 1990 to September 31, 2011which use discourses of framing and broadcasting to shape the image of Taiwan for Americans via daily news coverage; these discourses stereotype Taiwan through the use of metaphors of ideologies creating a consensus in American society on the image of Taiwan. The study aims to outline the relational nature and hierarchical structure of the framing tendency and the image building reflected in the construction of CNN coverage as well as the United States foreign policy on Taiwan.
The study also analyzes CNN editorial policy regarding reporting on Taiwan due to CNN's powerful international broadcast capability which could eventually enhance or disgrace the Taiwanese national image, and examine how much difference and change if any, actually exists among three presidencies of Taiwan.
This paper explored how CNN covers Taiwan in both quantitative content analysis and Entman's cascading activation model in terms of methodology. One thousand and one hundred samples were drawn from a 4,798 population in a systematic sampling technology. Chi-square, ANOVA, Post Hoc multiple test in Bonferroni, and Gamma test statistical means were applied.
CNN's editorial policy reflects official stances of the United States most of the time. According to Entman's model, sometimes media framing policy conflicts with the governmental policy framing in defense of what is believed to be the best national interests; but both frames would agree with each other eventually. Much more framing control is held by the media, non-media corporations and government rather than either the elites or the public. The media comply with the authorities, the wealthy, people with power, which is of unsurprising.
There is no significant statistic difference found in CNN's editorial policy towards the three presidents. However, 'Taiwan' is mentioned more in the Lead during President Lee's era in comparison with President Chen or President Ma, which reaches a statistically significant difference. Yet, there is no statistical difference found in a comparison of the use of 'Taiwan' between President Chen's era and President Ma's era. There are significant statistical differences revealed when looking at the amount of commentary found in the terms of the presidents; in President Ma's era, commentary was the least; President Chen's era had more than Ma's, but less than President Lee's era. Headlines more often highlighted 'Taiwan' during President Lee's and President Chen's eras in CNN's coverage of Taiwan. More cultural, social and disaster news referenced 'Taiwan' in the headlines during President Ma's era. These findings reach a very significant level.
CNN is not accustomed to telling Taiwan-centered stories, instead using American-centered coverage of news about Taiwan. A significant increase in Taiwan-centered stories occured in President Chen's era in reporting on Taiwan, mainly due to President Chen's attempt to challenge the status quo in US-China-Taiwan relations; CNN reported more news covering the American-Taiwanese relationship as well as across the strait news in President Ma's era. The above findings reach a very significant difference statistically. CNN mainly uses U.S. sources when it covers Taiwan, but President Chen's era was the exception since he was viewed as a controversial figure by CNN, so that CNN had to use more Taiwanese as the most-cited sources when reported President Chen. Fewer Taiwanese sources were utilized during President Ma's era in covering Taiwan in comparison with President Chen's, but Taiwanese sources increased in CNN coverage of Taiwan substantially when compared with President Lee's era, which reached a very much significant difference level.
Research findings reveal that from the beginning of Lee's era through Ma's era, CNN moved from using other sources predominantly to using primarily their own reporting sources; but there is another tendency as well. CNN's framing of Taiwan changed in tone: the dominant tone is of democratic and positive in political news with friendly U.S.-Taiwan relations as well as a good perception of Taiwan. CNN covers Taiwan with more positive framings in President Chen's era than in President Lee's, while President Lee's era is also found to be more positively represented than President Ma's, with differences that reach a very significant level. The framing is developed and constructive in financial news and applauds U.S.-Taiwan relations, as well as shows an excellent perception of Taiwan. CNN covers Taiwan with more positive framings in President Chen's time than in President Lee's, while President Lee's term also is found to be more positive than President Ma's term, with differences haven't reach statistical significance in the categories of developed, constructive, and U.S. relations framings; only the perception reached a very significant level. The framing is advanced and positive in social news, with a closer U.S.-Taiwan relationship, as well as a good perception of Taiwan. CNN covers Taiwan with more positive framings in President Chen's era than in President Lee's, while President Lee's era is more positive than President Ma's. A very significant difference level is found in the above findings, except in U.S.-Taiwan relations in CNN coverage of Taiwanese social news. The framing is progressive and positive in cultural news with good relations as well as a civilized perception of Taiwan. The same number of positive framings were used in President Chen's and President Ma's eras, while the least positive framing was utilized for coverage of Taiwan during President Lee's era. However, CNN covered Taiwan using more positive frames in President Chen's era than President Lee's, while more positive frames on perception in President Ma's era than President Lee's. Only the framing of 'progress' reaches a very significant level. The other three frames do not reach a statistically significant level.
There are four categories of Taiwanese national images in this study: Taiwan's political, financial, social, and cultural national images. CNN reported Taiwan's national image best during President Chen's term, the second best was President Lee's term, and President Ma's term is the last in terms of political, financial, and social national images. President Chen's term sees the most positive cultural national image of Taiwan; President Ma's term is second, and President Lee's term is the last. All of these Taiwan national images show differences between the presidencies which reach the significant level except Taiwan's financial national image. Entman's model suggests that the differences can be accounted for by the impact of President Bush's policies towards Taiwan, in which President Chen's era has a more positive framing than the other two eras.
參考文獻

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無作者姓名，2008年02月27日。＜越南重申反對臺灣當局推動「入聯公投」＞，《中國評論新聞》， http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1005/7/8/5/100578564.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=100578564，[檢索時間:2011/06/21]。
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無作者姓名，＜國家形象宣傳片--角度篇＞(超長版)，《Sina北美視頻》，http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLq6F7BrgZw&NR=1，[檢索時間:2011/06/24]。
無作者姓名，《異哉「臺灣法律地位未定論」:請勿自我矮化國格》，中華民國外交部，2011/09/06，http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=54238&mp=1，[檢索日期：2011/10/29]。
無作者姓名，《「臺灣的國際法地位」說帖》，中華民國外交部，2010/03/23, http://www.mofa.gov.tw/webapp/content.asp?cuItem=40272&mp=1，[檢索日期：2011/07/01]。

(六) 廣播電視、報紙、雜誌
洪智坤，「臺灣共識下具體國家認同」，《聯合報》，2011/10/11，http://udn.com/NEWS/OPINION/X1/6643984.shtml，[檢索日期：2011/10/29]。
陸以正，<從國際宣傳到公共外交>，《中國時報》，2005年7月25日，版10。
無作者姓名，＜社論:美國有人想「出賣臺灣」＞，《世界日報》，2011年11月17日，頁A4。
作者姓名未標示，＜時事大家談:美中軟實力的比較；臺灣的戰略地位＞，《美國之音》，2011年6月22日。
無作者姓名，<臺海若有狀況，大陸將先發制人；美報告：先攻擊日本三座基地>，《世界日報》，版A3，2011年6月21日。
無作者姓名，＜蔡英文:臺灣的民主足以包容主張"一中"和"終統"的國民黨＞，《臺灣英文新聞》，2011/10/30，09:11a.m.，http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1744873，[檢索日期：2011/10/30]。
無作者姓名，＜馬英九的兩岸和平協議正在變味＞，《人民網》，2011/10/21，http://bbs1.people.com.cn/postDetail.do?boardId=4&treeView=1&view=2&id=113227981，[檢閱時間:2011/10/31]。
鄒景雯，《《星期專訪》黃昆輝:馬捏造九二共識，通謀敵國罪行明確》，《自由時報》，2011/10/31，http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2011/new/oct/31/today-p7.htm，[檢索日期：2011/10/31]。
鄒麗泳，《中華民國退居臺灣借殼上市》，《中評社》，2011/10/11，http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1018/6/4/8/101864864.html?coluid=7&kindid=0&docid=101864864&mdate=1011174046，[檢索日期：2011/10/31]。

二、英文部分
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(三)研討會
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(四) 學位論文
Al-Zuhayyan, Abdulrahman Abdullah. May 2006. Construction of Saudi Arabia's Social Reality before and after September 11, 2001 by U.S. Mainstream Television News Organizations in Relation to U.S. Government Officials' News Framing, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Memphis, USA.
Caliendo, C. 1999. Female Intimate Body Piercing: A Nursing Phenomenological Inquiry, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
Douai, Aziz. May 2009. International Broadcasting and the Management of Foreign Public Opinion: The Case of Al-Hurra Television in the "Arab Street", Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation in Mass Communications of Pennsylvania State University, USA.
Han, Gang. August 2007. Mainland China Frames Taiwan: Online News, Event Perception and Issue Attitudes, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation of Graduated School of Mass Communications of Syracuse University, USA.
Handley, Robert Lyle. 2010. Palestine Media Watch and the U.S. News Media: Strategies for Change and Resistance, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation of University of Texas at Austin, USA.
Jaramillo, Deborah Lynn. May 2006. Ugly War, Pretty Package: How the Cable News Network and the Fox News Channel Made the 2003 Invasion of Iraq High Concept, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation of University of Texas at Austin, USA.
Kim, Chul Woo. June 1999. Framing the News of North and South Korea in the Post-Cold War Era: A Comparative Content Analysis of Five Newspapers with Semantic Networks, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation of Graduate School of Communication of the State University of New York at Buffalo, USA.
Jeffrey, Caitlin Marie Therese. 2007. Journey through Unfamiliar Territory: American Reporters and the First World War, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation of Graduate School of History of University of California Irvine, USA.
Nossek, H. 1990. Terrorism and the Media, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Park, Chun II 1994. A Comparative Analysis of the Selection Process and Content of Television International News in the U.S. and Korea: A Case Study of the U.S. CNN Prime News, Korea KBS 9 O'clock News and SBS 8 O'clock News Programs, School of Telecommunications and the College of Communication, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Ohio University, USA.
Smith, J. M. 1997. Visual and Verbal Claimsmaking about the Endangered Species Issue on Network Television: A Media Framing Analysis, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA.
Stowe, Mtra D. 2009. Foreign Policy Propaganda during the Eisenhower Administration: Shaping Public Opinion and the Cold War, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation of School of History of Western Illinois University, USA.
Zhang,Maggie Ting. June 2006. A Screened Window of the World? News Framing in U.S. International Coverage, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Mass Communications in Graduate School of Syracuse University, USA.
Zhong, Mengbai. May 1999.Decoding the Meaning of Media Effects: Democratization, Reunification, and Representation--A Comparative Content Analysis of the Taiwan Strait Crisis Coverage, Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation of Graduate School of Mass Communication of University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA.


(五) 網路資訊
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(六) 廣播電視、報紙、雜誌
ABC News, Quoted from Associated Press, October 26, 2011. "China Official Approves of Taiwan Peace Accord Vow," Taipei, Taiwan, http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/china-official-approves-taiwan-peace-accord-vow-14814648，[檢閱時間:2011/10/26]。
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