Disputes over water conservancy were prevalent in Taiwan’s agriculture society. Serious disputes over water conservancy not only resulted in fights with weapons but also caused social upheaval. There were several reasons he1ped to explain such disputes in southern Taiwan: high temperature, short and rapid rivers, lack of water sources. After the Han people came to Taiwan for rec1amation, the disposition of water - either for developing water sources, or rotating the water irrigation - was always a crucial issue that needed to be solved. Particularly when it came to the dry season, such kind of disputes were more frequent. There were three most common disputes over water conservancy in southern Taiwan under the rule of Qing dynasty: disputes over sources of water; disputes over shares of water; disputes over the damage of tombs due to the constructions of irrigations or channels. The local government was more passive than the civil society in dealing with the disputes; mostly the government tended to reconcile the disputes unless the disputes involved the danger of the village, the farmland, or the burial ground. The order of water conservancy was therefore maintained by the agreements made by the civil society. During the period of Japanese rule, the Government-general intervened water operations vigorously. It publicized the old channels or irrigations, and managed the water facilities through the organizations of water conservancy. However, the heavier pressures of farmers, the restriction of rotating irritation by the competition of rice and sugar, and the racial issue between Taiwanese and Japanese, all resulted in the complicated disputes over water conservancy. That was why Chia-nan Irrigation was mocked as “the Biting Irrigation.” After the Sino-Japanese War, disputes over water conservancy were mostly about the fights for water charges and the stealing of water due to the establishment of the publicization and organization of water conservancy. These two issues can be settled down by appealing to law, but usually they were solved either by conciliation or writing statements of penitence, since the economy of the farmers were not all affordable for them to go to court.