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題名:農民農業知識分享與移轉:一個農業產銷班之個案研究
作者:曹建文
作者(外文):Cao, Jianwen
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:成人及繼續教育研究所
指導教授:蔡秀美
陳姿伶
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:農業產銷班農業知識知識分享知識移轉Agricultural Production and Marketing GroupAgricultural KnowledgeKnowledge SharingKnowledge Transfer
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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摘要      
本研究從學習與知識之角度瞭解農業產銷班轉型經營之發展歷程,故以某一推動ISO品質驗證輔導之農業產銷班為個案研究對象,採訪談、文件分析、非參與觀察等資料蒐集方法,深入瞭解其重要農業知識之獲取、分享與移轉之動態歷程,同時分析其促進因素與障礙,最後評估其效益,藉此歸納出參與農業產銷班的農民農業知識分享與移轉之有效策略,以作為農業產銷班轉型經營之參考。本研究獲致以下九點結論:
壹、研究個案所認定對農民而言是重要的農業知識內涵主要有五項,其中以安全用藥及病蟲害防治、合理化施肥與土質管理、行銷管理等三項知識為主,其他尚包括組織經營管理、品質認證系統、智慧財產權、農機保養及加工技術等次要知識。
貳、就農業知識獲取的學習方式與管道而言,研究個案表現出兩種農民慣用的學習方式,其一為非正規的學習方式:其學習管道是以農會、農業改良場、毒物試驗所及縣政府等農政或農業研究相關單位辦理之講習為主;其二為非正式的學習方式:當中又可分為兩種傾向,一為偏向獨立方式的學習,主要學習管道包括班員自身栽種經驗反思與累積所得的「土經驗」、閱讀書刊或雜誌、收看電視節目;二為強調人際互動取向的學習,主要學習管道為向其他班員觀摩或請益。
參、研究個案所反應出之農民農業知識的分享,主要呈現社會化與外化的過程,前者主要透過觀察、體驗後反思的人際互動方式進行,後者包含經由非正式互動分享外部學習的心得與新知,以及正式互動如透過會議或實地觀摩、問題討論的方式來進行。
肆、農業產銷班之農民農業知識移轉的過程主要包括兩個過程:首先,是外部專家知識文件化以及知識傳遞階段,其次,是知識接收以及班員問題解決能力提升階段。
伍、研究個案農業知識分享、移轉與應用之效益主要呈現在五個面向,並且在組織運作及社會效益兩方面較為顯著,經濟效益緩慢呈現,五個面向包括:組織經營管理知識之質與量相對增加;用藥及施肥生產成本降低,工作效能提升;產品安全通過嚴格檢驗,獲得顧客認同;銷售管道及客源增加,業績緩步成長、品質獲得顧客認同,建立獨特性與品牌;組織運作方面:包括班員共同參與,形成生命共同體,知名度提升,學習動機強,有利於知識學習與分享,並提升班員問題解決能力。
陸、研究個案的農民進行農業知識分享與移轉之促進因素主要有三,分別為:受班員追求食品安全以及轉型經營挑戰觀念的影響;知識移轉過程採小班教學,課程符合班員需要,並能達到解決問題之目標;ISO驗證輔導機制提供常態性的互動交流平台,班員互動交流參與度高。
柒、研究個案的農民進行農業知識分享與移轉之障礙主要有四,包含:新舊經驗的衝突與嚴格規範的限制;班員年紀與學習能力的限制;國家政策未能配合,參與後的經濟效益並不明顯;驗證費用以及設備成本增加的負擔。
捌、就研究個案學習過程所架構的農民農業知識體系內涵而言,主要包括三大要素:個案班員獲取核心農業知識的過程、班員之間知識分享與移轉的過程、組織知識應用與效益評估階段。
玖、就知識獲取、分享與移轉之間知識的流動情形而言,則有以下發現:農業知識獲取奠定研究個案之農民農業知識分享的基礎;農業知識之分享建立研究個案組織初步的農業知識共識;農業知識移轉建構研究個案創新農業經營管理模式;農業知識移轉引發農民知識獲取的新需求與提高知識分享機會,建置組織常態性的知識交流平台;實踐與反思賦予知識獲取、知識分享與知識移轉的創新意義與價值。
Abstract
This research takes an agricultural production and marketing group pursuing ISO certification as a case of study. The primary purpose of this study investigates the process of agricultural knowledge acquiring, sharing and transfer of the selected case using methods, such as face-to-face interviews, document analyses and non-participatory observation. The influential factors, both promotive and impedimental are analyzed and evaluated to conclude effective strategies for farmers’ knowledge sharing and transfer of an agricultural production and marketing group. These findings can in turn be used as references for another agricultural production and marketing groups.
1.The important agricultural knowledge of farmers in a successful agricultural production and marketing group includes: knowledge of insecticide safety and pest control, knowledge of rational fertilization and management of the soil, and knowledge of marketing management. Other important agricultural knowledge recognized by farmers includes business or farm management, quality certification, intellectual property, fruit trees planting, agricultural machinery maintenance, and manufacture technology.
2.Agricultural knowledge can be learned in three ways. The first way is non-formal learning, including training classes held by farmers’ association, agricultural experiment and improvement stations, toxic substances research institute, and county government. The second one is informal independent learning, including farmers’ experience reflection, reading books or magazines, and watching television. The third one is informal interpersonal learning, including field observations or consulting other group members.
3.The sharing of agricultural knowledge is characterized by the process of socialization and externalization. To be specific, the socialization process is characterized by sharing knowledge through interpersonal and interactive observation and experience reflection. Whereas the externalization process is characterized by sharing knowledge through informal interactions and formal interactions like meetings, field observation and discussion.
4.The transfer of agricultural knowledge consists of two phases: first, documentation of external expert knowledge and knowledge transfer phase; second, knowledge acquiring and improvement of problem solving skills of group members.
5.There are five major benefits from agricultural knowledge sharing and transfer as identified in this case study. The first is to increase in the quality and quantity of organizational management knowledge. Second, the cost down of insecticides and fertilizers, and improvement of work performance. The third, customer identification is increased due to certified product safety. The fourth benefit is about marketing, including the increase of marketing channels and customer resources, gradual rising of business achievement, customer identification of product quality, and the establishment of uniqueness and brand. Fifth, the operation of the organization is also benefited. Specifically, the joint participation of group members has made them bound together, become well-known, and strongly motivated to learn, which are beneficial for knowledge learning and sharing, and enhance problem-solving ability.
6.Three promotive factors that can enhance farmers’ sharing and transfer of agricultural knowledge include: values of group members, small group teaching that meets the needs of group members, and highly interactive participation of members due to ISO certification system.
7.However, four factors that impede farmers’ sharing and transfer of agricultural knowledge are also found. First, conflicts between new and old experiences and limitation form strict regulations. Second, the limitation of group member’s age and learning capacity. Third, government policy does not support accordingly so that participants cannot gain obvious improvement in their economic incomes. Finally, ISO certification and equipments both increase cost burden.
8.The construction of agricultural knowledge system can be analyzed as consisting of three stages. The first stage is the process that the group members acquiring important agricultural knowledge; the second stage is the process of knowledge sharing and transfer among group members; the final stage is the stage where the organized knowledge is applied and the benefits are assessed. Group members can evaluate the benefits of knowledge sharing and transfer from four perspectives: cost, product quality, marketing and organization. Also, the feedback to their knowledge system exists to begin a new learning cycle, and move the group towards a long-lasting innovative business.
9.Knowledge acquisition, sharing and transfer of farmers’ agricultural knowledge flows are embodied by the followings: agricultural knowledge acquisition enables to lay a basis for knowledge sharing in agriculture; agricultural knowledge sharing is required to build a consensus of agricultural knowledge; transfer of agricultural knowledge can build a case study of innovative agricultural management model; the flow of agricultural knowledge again leads to new demands of knowledge acquisition, and improvement in knowledge-sharing opportunities. In addition, to build the organizational norm of the use of knowledge exchange platform and practices of reflection is the key to farmers' innovations.
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