Freshwater scarcity is one of the biggest challenges we face in the 21(superscript st) Century. Today, international organizations, such as the United Nations and World Bank, dealing with the issues about water resources, no longer emphasize technology or government management. Instead, they use the concept of water governance. It is a way of collectively solving societal problems, and constructs a model of integrated water resources management (IWRM). In fact, Chinese civilization, based on agricultural development, always considered water is one of the political fundamental factors. This paper analyzes Chou Chung-Hsuan's and Tsao Chin's concept of water governance in Ching Dynasty. There were political, economic, social, and cultural dimensions in their concept, and built an IWRM model. Their thought should be influenced by Confucianism, which believes the statesmen should be on duty of enriching, protecting and educating the people. Therefore, the water governance model of Chou Chung-hsuan and Tsao Chin was to add rice production through building irrigation ditches and canals, which was a mean of poverty alleviation, social security maintenance, and public literate promotion.