Chinese classical narratives often guided discussions about incidents that threatened the legitimacy of Western Han imperial authority. The relationship and inter-reference of the incidents and narratives provided the basis for the practical application of classical texts. Every Western Han emperor had to deal with certain events that threatened their rules such as military uprisings, competition for the throne, the deposition of the emperor, and imposters posing as the heir apparent. The most serious such incidents that occurred in the Western Han included: the rebellions of Prince Liu An of Huainan 淮南王劉安, Prince Liu Si of Hengshan 衡山王劉賜, Prince Liu Pi of Wu 吳王劉濞, and Prince Liu Dan of Yan 燕王劉旦 that were aimed at deposing the emperor; the machinations of Prince Liu Wuxi of Liang 梁孝王劉武西 to become the heir apparent to Emperor Jing 景帝; the competition between Prince Liu Xin of Dingtao 定陶王劉欣 and Prince Liu Xing of Zhongshan 中山王劉興 to be installed as heir apparent to Emperor Cheng 成帝; the ascension of Emperor Xuan 宣帝, the great grandson of Emperor Wu 武帝, who grew up a commoner but successfully took back the throne; the demotion of the heir apparent Prince Li 栗太子 by Emperor Jing; the scheme of an ambitious imposter trying to pass off as heir apparent Wei 衛 during Emperor Zhao's 昭帝 reign; and Minister Huo Guang's 霍光 demotion of Prince Liu He of Changyi 昌邑王劉賀. In their deliberations over these incidents, political actors invoked classical narratives from the Classic of Poetry 詩經, the Book of Documents 尚書, the Book of Rites 禮記, and the Spring and Autumn Annals 春秋. Among these classical texts, the Spring and Autumn Annals was the most often mentioned with the Book of Rites following second. The Spring and Autumn Annals preached the teaching of kings, whereas the Book of Rites recorded ancient rites, social forms and court ceremonies. Both texts provided theoretical background for conducting deep analyses of the legitimacy of imperial authority. Although these classical narratives most often served the needs of those in power concerning matters pertinent to the installation or demotion of the heir apparent, many still looked to them as guides. In general, with respect to the legitimacy of Western Han rule, decisions were usually based on the teachings contained in classical narratives