:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:助人者與癌症末期病人關係歷程之質性研究
作者:李佩怡 引用關係
作者(外文):Pei-Yi Li
校院名稱:國立臺灣師範大學
系所名稱:教育心理與輔導研究所
指導教授:金樹人
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2003
主題關鍵詞:癌症末期病人安寧療護助人工作者關係歷程詮釋學terminally ill cancer patientshelpers in hospicehelping relationshipshermeneutical circle
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(10) 博士論文(13) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:9
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:119
助人者與癌症末期病人關係歷程之質性研究
研究者:李佩怡
摘要
本研究探討一位助人者與四位癌症末期病人之關係歷程。研究目的有三大部份:一是理解助人者與癌末病人之關係歷程的本質與進展要素;二是理解癌末病人身心靈社會四部份的經驗;三是理解與反思助人者接觸癌末病人之個人經驗。
本研究在計畫階段特別經過馬偕紀念醫院安寧療護教育示範中心及安寧緩和醫學學會之聯合倫理委員會,雙重的「機構審查委員會」(IRBs)的審查通過,才開始進行正式研究。本研究是以詮釋學為方法論,對助人者與四位癌末病人的「對話逐字稿」及「田野日誌」等原始資料進行詮釋,研究結果是研究者在詮釋原始資料過程中以「理解─再理解」的詮釋循環所獲致的深刻理解,及「辯證式提問」獲致包覆性理解提出的綜合詮釋。
本研究結果分為下列三大部份:
一、對助人者與癌症末期病人關係歷程,提出「關係本質」、「關係進展關鍵要素」、及「關係歷程中重要議題」等三大部份。助人者與癌末病人的關係本質是:「真實的人與人相遇」、「雙向平衡的互動」、「相互信任、人性情感,及穩固的連結」。助人者與癌末病人關係進展的關鍵要素是:「對病人內在世界的深入理解」及「接觸焦點是跟隨病人全人狀態的變動而移動」。在助人者與癌末病人關係歷程中所出現的重要議題有下列七項:「照護癌末病人生理需求」、「癌末病人需要談其因癌症所受的苦」、「癌末病人需要談現實生活中的苦」、「癌末病人需要倚靠希望、訴說希望」、「面對死亡,病人也許求助於更高更大的力量,或期望與某個『超個人對象』緊密連結,以獲得安全、愛,及力量」、「癌末病人在臨終過渡的過程中所需要是力量」、「當病人越來越衰弱時,其家人浮現被支持的需求」。
二、對癌症末期病人的身、心、靈、社會四大層面提出深入詮釋,並於綜合詮釋的部份提出「臨終過渡期七大現象」,「社會層面為身心靈三層面的基礎」,「末期病人由外在世界轉入內在世界」,及「癌末病人虛無存有」等詮釋概念。
三、對助人者的內在經驗深入詮釋,其中包括:「助人者的認知經驗的解構與再建構」,「情緒經驗的統整與轉化」,及「助人者自我轉化」等。其中助人者「個人整體的轉化」有三大部份:由諮商心理專業者走向人道主義者、由理智分析作為者走向情感思維的分享者、對自己的「有限性」,由模糊不清到跨越與接納。
最後本研究分別對「助人工作者的自我準備」、「照護癌症末期病人」、「安寧療護制度:日間留院設置刻不容緩」、「未來研究」、「諮商教育」提出建議。研究者衷心建議所有照護癌末病人的家人、親友、照顧者、醫療專業者,重視自己與病人之間的關係,鼓勵維繫一份真實、穩固、信任、平等、尊重、富有人性情感的關係,這對癌末病人的末期生命,意義非凡!
關鍵字:癌症末期病人、安寧療護助人工作者、關係歷程、詮釋學
The Process of Helping Relationships between the Helper and the Terminally Ill Cancer Patients at Hospice in Taiwan─
A Qualitative Research
Pei-Yi Li
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of helping relationships between the helper and four terminally ill cancer patients who accepted palliative care at the Mackay Memorial Hospital. The specific aims of the study were: (1) to understand the essence of the helping relationships and the key elements of facilitating the helping relationships; (2) to understand the living experiences of terminally ill cancer patients; (3) to understand and reflect the personal experiences of the helper after encountered with four terminally ill cancer patients.
The study was approved by the「 Institutional Review Boards of Mackay Memorial Hospital」 and the「 Joint Ethics Boards of Taiwan Academy of Hospice Palliative Medicine」. A hermeneutical approach was selected to achieve the purpose and specific aims. The data was collected from the beginning of the relationships till the end of the patient life. The raw data was generated from the in-depth unstructured interviews between the helper and four terminally ill cancer patients in the natural settings, as well as the field notes by the helper jotted down after the meetings. With the permissions of the four dying patients, most of the natural talks were taped and than had been transcribed into words. The transcriptions and field notes were interpreted following the hermeneutical concepts. Through the thick description, the hermeneutical circle of understanding and the dialectical questioning, the deep understanding of the raw data was obtained.
Regarding to the helping relationships, the results of this study included three main parts. First, the essence of the helping relationships included 3 themes: (1) the two persons encounter with each other genuinely; (2) the balancing and collaborative interactions; (3) the steady connection with mutual trust and humanity.
Second, the key elements of facilitating helping relationships included 2 themes: (1) keeping the deep understanding towards the inner world of dying patients; (2) keeping the contact with dying patients according as the changing situations and the wholeness of patients.
Third, there were seven important issues emerged from the process of helping relationship, as namely: (1) to take care of terminally ill cancer patients’ physical needs with gentle attitudes; (2) to listen actively to the suffering of terminally ill cancer patients owing to the destructive illness; (3) to listen actively to the difficulties of terminally ill cancer patients in their lives; (4) to encourage the terminally ill cancer patients to describe their hope; (5) to facilitate the terminally ill cancer patients to connect with their spiritual objects; (6) to help the terminally ill cancer patients to find their strength inside; (7) to support the family members facing the reality of patients’ weakness and impending death.
Regarding to the living experiences of terminally ill cancer patients, the main concepts were: (1) 「the phenomena of dying transition」; (2) 「the existence of dying patients dependent upon their social network」; (3) 「the concernment of dying patients changing from outside world into inside world」; (4) 「the concept of non-being-in-the-world」.
Regarding to the personal experiences of the helper, there were three parts of description, including: (1) 「the destruction and reconstruction of the helper’s cognition concerning about counseling with dying patients」; (2) 「the integration of the helper’s emotions」; (3) 「the transformation of the helper’s personhood」.
Through the findings of this study, some recommendations were given to the helpers who work in hospice, concerning about how to prepare himself/herself becoming a good helper and how to take good care of terminally ill cancer patients. Moreover, the researcher suggested that the hospice day care center should be established quickly in Taiwan. The hospice day care center could provide more supportive networks to the dying patients, so that they could live with pleasure and meaning. Finally, the researcher emphasized that all the caregivers who take care of terminally ill cancer patients should concern their relationships with dying patients, especially family members, friends, and health professionals. Being a helper, the researcher recommended the we should cherish our relationships with the dying patients, to contain a steady connection with them, to build mutual trust with them, to interact with them collaboratively, and to take care of them with humanity. If we could be genuine helpers, the relationships with dying patients will be magnificent!
KEY WORDS: terminally ill cancer patients, the helpers in hospice, the helping relationships, the hermeneutical circle
參考文獻
中文資料
王玉真(民87)。以質性研究方法探討影響癌症末期病患生活品質之因素及其因應策略。慈濟醫學院碩士論文,未出版,花蓮。
中國輔導學會 (民86)。中國輔導學會會員專業倫理守則。載於劉焜輝(主編),輔導原理與實務(450─460頁)。台北:三民書局。
卡爾˙羅哲斯(民79)。成為一個人:一個治療者對心理治療的觀點(宋文里譯)。台北:桂冠圖書公司。(原作出版年:1961)
尹裕君、林麗英、盧小玨、鄒海月、王曼溪、許凰珠等(民84)。護理倫理概論。台北:華杏出版公司。
石世明(民88)。臨留之際的靈魂─臨終照顧的心理剖面。國立東華大學族群關係與文化研究所碩士論文,未出版,花蓮。
石世明(民89)。對臨終者的靈性照顧。安寧療護雜誌,5(2),41-56。new window
行政院衛生署(民89)。中華民國89年衛生統計。台北:行政院衛生署。
艾利赫․佛洛姆(民80)。生命的展現─人類生存情態的分析(孟祥森譯)。台北:遠流出版。(原作出版年:1976)
李佩怡(民89a)。在安寧病房中與瀕死病人及家屬接觸之「心領神會」經驗(五之一)。諮商與輔導(177):41-45。
李佩怡(民89b)。在安寧病房中與瀕死病人及家屬接觸之「心領神會」經驗(五之二)。諮商與輔導(178):39-41。
李佩怡(民89c)。在安寧病房中與瀕死病人及家屬接觸之「心領神會」經驗(五之三)。諮商與輔導(179):41-46。
李佩怡(民89d)。在安寧病房中與瀕死病人及家屬接觸之「心領神會」經驗(五之四)。諮商與輔導(180):32-37。
李佩怡(民90)。在安寧病房中與瀕死病人及家屬接觸之「心領神會」經驗(五之五)。諮商與輔導(181):34-39。
李維倫(民89)。以存在現象學看臨終與生命的轉化。安寧療護雜誌,5(2),57-61。new window
李選、汪秀怜、廖美南、蕭琪等(民85)。安寧護理模式於改善癌症病患家屬憂傷反應之成效探討。長庚護理,7(2),頁30-39。new window
呂素貞(民89)。藝術治療與靈性照顧。安寧療護雜誌,5(2),62-65。
沈清松(民72)。詮釋學的變遷與發展。鵝湖,9(3),18-24。new window
余德慧(民92)。生死學十四講。台北:心靈工坊文化。new window
余德慧(民90)。詮釋現象心理學。台北:心靈工坊文化。new window
余德慧、呂俐安(民82)。敘說資料的意義:生命視框的完成與進行。載於楊國樞、余安邦(主編),中國人的心理與行為:理念及方法篇(一九九二)(441─475頁)。台北:桂冠。new window
余德慧、徐臨嘉(民82)。詮釋中國人的悲怨。載於楊國樞、余安邦(主編),中國人的心理與行為:文化、教化及病理篇(一九九二)(351─381頁)。台北:桂冠。new window
克莉斯汀‧龍雅可(民88)。假如我死時,你不在我身旁(陳琴富譯)。台北:張老師文化。(原作出版年:1997)。
法蘭克(民89)。法蘭克回憶錄(九)(沙東譯)。諮商與輔導,177,37-40。
肯恩˙威爾伯(民87)。恩寵與勇氣(胡因夢、劉清彥譯)。台北:張老師文化。(原作出版年:1991)
吳庶深(民77)。對臨終病人及家屬提供專業善終服務之探討。東海大學社會工作研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中市。
吳庶深、張利中、郭麗馨、丁如真(民91)。台灣安寧照顧運動之研究。財團法人中華民國安寧照顧基金會委託研究案(二),未出版。
吳惠媛(民83)。疾病的聲音─青年精神分裂病患的疾病經驗之詮釋學研究。國立台灣大學碩士論文,未出版,台北。
帕瑪(民81)。詮釋學(嚴平譯)。台北:桂冠圖書公司。(原作出版年:1969)
林宜靜(民91)。臨終病人面對死亡之心理調適歷程。國立彰化師範大學輔導諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化市。
林靜琪(民85)。癌症末期住院病人自述需要之探討。私立慈濟醫學院護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,花蓮市。
林靜琪、邱豔芬(民86)。癌症末期住院病人自述需要的探討。慈濟醫學,9,295-305。
林麗雲(民85)。安寧照顧的文化之舞─以台大緩和醫療病房為述說情境。國立清華大學社會人類學研究所碩士論文,未出版,新竹市。
邱泰源(民90)。癌末患者之緩和醫療。台灣醫學,5:4,444--448。
邱泰源、胡文郁、鄧錦惠、鄭逸如、莊榮彬、陳慶餘(民91)。癌末期病人之照護體系─台灣安寧緩和醫療文獻之回顧。台灣醫學,6:3,332-339。
胡文郁、邱泰源、釋惠敏、陳慶餘、陳月枝(民88)。從醫護人員角度探討癌末病人之靈性需求。台灣醫學,3:1,8-19。
胡幼慧(民85)。轉型中的質性研究:演變、批判和女性主義研究觀點。載於胡幼慧(主編),質性研究─理論方法及本土女性研究實例(7-26頁)。台北:巨流。
胡幼慧(民85)。多元方法:三角交叉檢視法。載於胡幼慧(主編),質性研究─理論方法及本土女性研究實例(271-285頁)。台北:巨流。
胡幼慧、姚美華(民85)。一些質性方法上的思考。載於胡幼慧(主編),質性研究─理論方法及本土女性研究實例(141-158頁)。台北:巨流。
袁保新(民75)。人的存在問題。中國文化月刊,81,51-63。
庫伯勒─羅斯(民87)。天使走過人間(李永平譯)。台北:天下出版。(原作出版年:1997)
馬偕紀念醫院(民87)。馬偕安寧療護史。台北市:編者。
高敬文(民88)。質化研究方法論。台北市:師大書苑。
陳珍德(民84)。癌症病人生命意義之研究。國立彰化師範大學輔導諮商研究所碩士論文,未出版,彰化市。new window
陳維樑、鍾莠荺(1999)。哀傷輔導手冊:概念與方法。香港:贐明會。
崔國瑜(民86)。生死學初探:一個臨終照顧領域的現象學考察。國立台灣大學心理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
崔國瑜、余德慧(民87)。從臨終照顧的領域對生命時光的考察。中華心理衛生學刊,11(3),27-48。new window
張小桂(民88)。迢迢抗癌路,幽谷誰伴行?--台灣癌症病友團體與基金會現況之初探。國立台灣大學社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台北市。
張珣(民72)。台灣漢人的醫療體系和醫療行為─一個台灣北部農村的醫學人類學研究。民族學研究所集刊,56,29-58。new window
畢恆達(民85a)。詮釋學與質性研究。載於胡幼慧(主編),質性研究─理論、方法及本土女性研究實例(27-45頁)。台北:巨流圖書公司。
畢恆達(民85b)。已婚婦女的住宅空間體驗。本土心理學研究,6,300-352。new window
勞思光(1998)。存在主義哲學新編。香港:中文大學出版社。
曾慶豹(民83)。《存有與時間》的「語言觀」。哲學雜誌,10,頁182-197。
黃天中(民77)。臨終關懷:理論與發展。台北:業強出版社。
史帝芬˙雷凡(民85)。生死之歌(汪芸、于而彥譯)。台北:天下文化。(原作出版年:1982)
楊明磊(民90)。資深諮商工作者的專業發展─詮釋學觀點。國立彰化師範大學諮商心理學系博士論文,未出版,彰化。new window
瑪麗˙德˙翁澤(民89)。因為,你聽見了我(吳美慧譯)。台北:張老師文化。(原作出版年:1995)
趙可式(民86)。台灣癌症末期病患對善終意義的體認。護理雜誌,44(1),48-55。new window
趙可式(民87a)。康泰安寧療護手冊。台北:康泰醫療教育基金會。
趙可式(民87b)。精神衛生護理與靈性照護。護理雜誌,45(1),16-20。new window
趙可式(民90)。安寧療護中之靈性照顧。中華民國安寧照顧基金會主辦,2001年亞洲及太平洋地區安寧療護會議講義,台北:國際會議中心。
葛達瑪(民82)。真理與方法:哲學詮釋學的基本特徵(洪漢鼎譯)。台北:時報文化。(原作出版年:1960)
鄭逸如、呂碧鴻(民86)。癌症末期患者心理層面的照顧。台灣醫學,1(2),209-213。
蔣鵬(民91)。世界的斷裂與相隨─探討照顧者與臨終者的陪伴關係。國立東華大學族群關係與文化研究所碩士論文,未出版,花蓮市。
蔡友月(民85)。現代社會對死亡的省思以癌症病人為個案剖析垂死歷程「醫療化」之影響。私立東海大學社會學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台中市。
蔡友月(民87)。最後一段旅程─剖析癌症病人在醫院的垂死歷程。中華心理衛生學刊,11(3),1-26。new window
蔡友月(民91)。台灣癌症患者的身體經驗:疾病、病痛與醫療專業權力。中央研究院:「醫療與文化」學術研討會。
賴維淑(民91)。晚期癌症病患對臨終事件之感受與身、心、社會、靈性之需求。國立成功大學護理學研究所碩士論文,未出版,台南市。
蕭宏恩(民88)。護理倫理新論。台北:五南圖書出版公司。new window
盧美秀(民83)。護理倫理學。台北:匯華圖書出版公司。new window
劉淑娟(民89)。嚴謹度。載於陳月枝(總校閱),質性護理研究方法(21-58頁)。台北:護望。
劉翔平(民90)。尋找生命的意義:弗蘭克的意義治療學說。台北:貓頭鷹出版。
羅莎等著(民71)。成長的最後階段(孫振青譯)。台中:光啟出版社。(原作出版年:1975)。
Corey, G.(民85)。諮商與心理治療的理論與實務(李茂興譯)。台北市:揚智文化。(原作出版年:1991)
Denzin, N. K.(民88)。解釋性互動論(Interpretive interactionism)(張君玫譯)。台北:弘智文化。(原作出版年:1989)
西文資料
Aldridge, D. (1993). Is there evidence for spiritual healing? Advances, 9(4), 4-21.
Autton, N. (1996). The use of touch in palliative care. European Journal of Palliative Care. 3(3), 121-124.
Barnes, A. (1995). An introduction to hospice and palliative care. In J. David (Ed.), Cancer care : Prevention, treatment and palliation. London: Chapman & Hall.
Bowen, M. (1991). Family reaction to death. In F. Walsh & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), Living beyond loss: Death in the family. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Bowers, M. K., Jackson, E. N., Knight, J. A. & LeShan, L. (1981). Counseling the dying. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, Publishers.
Bull, M. A. (1997). Structure and stresses: When a family member is dying. In J. D. Morgan (Ed.), Readings in thanatology (pp.167-180). New York: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.
Byock, I. (1996). Beyond symptom management. European Journal of Palliative Care, 3(3), 125-130.
Byock, I. (1997). Caring for the dying. In J. D. Morgan (Ed.), Reading in thanatology (pp. 181-195). New York: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.
Callanan, M., & Kelley, P. (1992). Final gifts: Understanding the special awareness, needs, and communications of dying. NY: Poseidon Press.
Carverhill, P. A. (2002). Qualitative research in thanatology. Death Studies, 26, 195-207.
Chao, Co-Shi (1993). The meaning of good dying of Chinese terminally ill cancer patients in Taiwan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Case Western Reserve University.
Claxton, J. W. (1993). Paving the way to acceptance. Professional Nurse, Jan, 206-211.
Clark, M. D. (1984). Healthy and unhealthy grief behaviors. Occupational Health Nursing, 32, 633-635.
Cornette, K. (1997). For whenever I am weak, I am strong…. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 3(1), 6-8, 10-13.
Corr, C. A. (1992). A task-based approach to coping with dying. Omega, 24, 81-94.
Corr, C. A. , Nabe, C. M. & Corr, D. M. (1997). Death and dying, life and living. (2nd ed.). CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
Dom, H. (1999). Spiritual care, need and pain─recognition and response. European Journal of Palliative Care, 6(3), 87-90.
Derrickson, B. S. (1996). The spiritual work of the dying: A framework and case studies. The Hospice Journal, 11(2), 11-30.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Entering the field of qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research(pp.1-18). CA: Sage Publication Inc.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.) (2000). Handbook of qualitative research (2nd ed). CA: Sage Publication Inc.
Duck, S. (1998). An exploration of anticipatory grief: The lived experience of people during their spouses’ terminal illness and in bereavement. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28(4), 829-839.
Doka, K. J. (1993). The spiritual needs of the dying. In K. J. Doka & J. D. Morgan (Eds.), Death and spirituality (pp. 143-150). Amityville, NY: Baywood.
Edassery, D. & Kuttierath, S. K. (1998). Spirituality in the secular sense. European Journal of Palliative Care. 5(5), 165-167.
Fanslow, C. A. (1981). Death: A natural facet of the life continuum. In D. Krieger (Ed.), Foundations for holistic health nursing practices: The renaissance nurse (pp.249-272). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott.
Ferrell, B. R. (1998). The family. In D. Doyle, G. W. C. Hanks, & N. MacDonald (Eds.), Oxford textbook of palliative medicine (2nd ed.).(pp.909-917). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Flemming, K. (1997). The meaning of hope to palliative care cancer patients. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 3(1), 14-18.
Garrett, T. M., Baillie, H. W., & Garrett, R. M. (1989). Health care ethics─Principles and problems. NJ: Prentice Hall.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968). Time for dying. Chicago: Aldine.
Grobe, M. E., Ilstrup, E. M., Ahmann, D. L., (1990). Skills needed by family members to maintain the care of an advanced cancer patient. Cancer Nursing, 4, 371-375.
Hampe, S. O. (1975). Needs of the grieving spouse in a hospital setting. Nursing Research, 24, 113-119.
Harper, B.C. & Fulton, R. (1983). Death: the coping mechanism of the health professional. Washington: American Health Care Association.
Hay, M. W. (1989). Principles in building spiritual assessment tools. American Journal of Hospice Care, 6, 25-31.
Heidegger (1927). Being and time. as cited in Palmer, R. E. (1969). Hermeneutics: Interpretation theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Northwestern University Press.
Howarth, G. & Leaman, O. (Eds.). (2001). Encyclopedia of death and dying (1st ed.). NY: Routledge.
Hutchinson, S. A., Wilson, M. E. & Wilson, H. S. (1994). Benefits of participating in research interviews. IMAGE: Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 26(2), 161-164.
Kastenbaum, R. (1991). Death, society, and human experience (4th ed.). NY: Macmillan.
Kauffman, J. (1993). Spiritual perspectives on suffering the pain of death. In K. J. Doka & J. D. Morgan (Eds.), Death and spirituality (pp.165-170). NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.
Kellehear, A. (2000). Spirituality and palliative care: a model of needs. Palliative Medicine, 14, 149-155.
Klass, D. (1995). Spiritual aspects of the resolution of grief. In H. Wass & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Dying: Facing the facts (3rd ed.). (pp.243-268). Washington D. C.: Taylor & Francis.
Kollar, N. R. (1993). Spiritualities of suffering and grief. In K. J. Doka & J. D. Morgan (Eds.), Death and spirituality (pp.151-164). NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.
Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. NY: Macmillan.
Lair, G. (1996). Counseling the terminally ill: Sharing the journey. Washington D. C.: Taylor & Francis.
Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Marckwardt, A. H. et al. (Ed.). (1992). Webster Comprehensive Dictionary (International edition). Chicago: J. G. Ferguson Publishing Company.
Marrone, R. (1999). Dying, mourning, and spirituality: A psychological perspective. Death Studies, 23, 495-519.
Miller, G. (2003). Incorporating spirituality in counseling and psychotherapy: theory and technique. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mishler, E. G. (1986). Research Interviewing: Context and narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Nakajima, R. S. (1992). Dying with hope: A theological integration of interdisciplinary hospice care. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, California.
Nouwen, H. (1981). The Way of the Heart. London:Harper.
Nouwen, H. (1990). Aging. New York : Doubleday.
Palmer, R. E. (1969). Hermeneutics: Interpretation theory in Schleiermacher, Dilthey, Heidegger, and Gadamer. Northwestern University Press.
Pattison, E. M. (1977). The experience of dying. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Pattison, E. M. (1978). The living-dying process. In C. A. Garfield (Ed.), Psychological care of the dying patient (pp.133-168). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Perls, F., Hefferline, R., & Goodman, P. (1994). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. NY: The Gestalt Journal Press, Inc.
Pincus, L., (1976). Life and death. London: Sphere.
Rainey, L. C. (1988). The experience of dying. In H. Wass, F. M. Berardo, & R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Dying: Facing the facts (2nd ed., pp.137-157). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Rando, T. A. (1984). Grief, dying, and death. Champaign, IL: Research Press.
Rhymes, J. (1990). Hospice care in America. JAMA, 264(3), 369-372.
Robin, E. D. (1984). Medical care can be dangerous to your health: A guide to the risks and benefits. NY: Harper and Row.
Rueth, T. W. & Hall, S. E. (1999). Dealing with the anger and hostility of those who grieve. American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care, 16, 743-746.
Salt, S. (1997). Towards a definition of suffering. European Journal of Palliative Care, 4(2), 58-60.
Samarel, N. (1995). The dying process. In H. Wass, R. A. Neimeyer (Eds.), Dying: Facing the facts (3rd ed.). (pp.89-116). Washington D. C.: Taylor & Francis.
Sandelowski, M. (1986). The problem of rigor in qualitative research. Advanced in Nursing Science, 8(3), 27-37.
Shneidman, E. S. (1973). Deaths of man. New York: New York Times Book Co.
Shneidman, E. S. (1980). Some aspects of psychotherapy with dying persons. In E. S. Shneidman (Ed.), Death: Current perspectives (pp. 202-213). Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield.
Stedeford, A. (1989). Counselling, death, and bereavement. In W. Dryden, D. Charles-Edwards, & R. Woolfe (Eds.), Handbook of counseling in Britain (pp.296-310). London: Routledge.
Steele, L. L. (1990). The death surround: Factors influencing the grief experience of survivors. Oncology Nursing Forum, 17, 235-241.
Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Stroebe, W. (1998). Model of coping. In J. H. Harvey (Ed.), Perspective on loss: A sourcebook (pp.88-96). Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.
Stoter, D. J. (1995). Spiritual Aspects of Health Care. London: Mosby.
Tringali, C. A. (1986). The needs of family members of cancer patients. Oncology Nursing Forum, 13:65-69.
Vachon, M. L. S. (1994). Psychosocial variables: Cancer morbidity and mortality. In I. B. Corless, B. B. Germino, & M. Pittman (Eds.), Dying, death, and bereavement: Theoretical perspectives and other ways of knowing (pp. 135-155). Boston: Jones and Bartlett.
West, T. B. (1994). An existential-phenomenological investigation of the experience of being with a dying person, who was aware of being in the dying process, and who had asked you to be with him or her as he or she went through this process. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The California Institute of Integral Studies.
Weisman, A. D. (1972). On dying and denying. New York: Behavioral Publications.
Wilber, K. (1988). On being a support person. Journal of Transpersonal psychology, 20(2), 141-159.
Wright, K. & Flemons, D. (2002). Dying to know: Qualitative research with terminally ill persons and their families. Death Studies, 26, 255-271.
Yates, P. (1993). Towards a reconceptualisation of hope for patients with diagnosis of cancer. Journal of Advanced Nursing 18, 701-706.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE