一、中文部份
王櫻芬(民86)。青少年對幫派犯罪問題的態度與看法研究，學生輔導通訊第50期，頁122-132。
台北市教育局(民89)。台北市國中國小學生幫派調查，網路新聞資料。
江玉女(民92)。日本組織犯罪之研究，國立台北大學法律係博士論文。
何鋯(民82)。台灣綠林傳，台北:萬象圖書出版。
吳芝儀(民88)。暴力犯罪少年學校經驗回顧，載於「當前青少年犯罪問題與對策」研討會論文集，嘉義：中正大學犯罪防治研究所。
李梅芬(民83)。國中生的社會連結與偏差行為之研究，私立文化大學兒童福利學系碩士論文。
沙依仁（民87）。人類行為與社會環境。台北：五南。
車煒堅(民74)，台中地區少年不良幫派之研究，警政學報第8期。
周文勇(民92)。青少年幫派之組織結構與活動探討。中央警察大學犯罪問題研討會論文集，P247-263。
侯崇文、侯友宜(民89)。少年幫派問題與防治對策，中華民國犯罪學學會出版。
徐呈璋(民88)。青少年不良幫派形成過程及相關因素之研究，中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
時報文教基金會(民88)。http://www.chinatimes.org.tw/news/1999/07/19990714_01.htm。
高金桂(民88)。論參與犯罪組織之刑事責任，學生輔導第65期，P18-25。
張景然(民80)。少年幫派與犯罪行為，警學叢刊第21卷第3期，P136-145。教育部(民89)。防制黑道勢力介入校園行動方案。
許春金(民89)。犯罪學，台北：三民書局出版。
許春金、馬傳鎮(民79)。台北市幫派犯罪團體之實證研究，行政院國家科學委員會。
陳建安(民90)。犯罪少年與一般少年道德認知發展之比較研究，國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。陳國霖(民84)。幫會與華人次文化，台灣商務出版。
陳惠次、馬傳鎮、陳石定(民82)。防制青少年犯罪方案之評估，行政院研考會專案委託。黃富源、范國勇、張平吾（民91）。犯罪學概論，台北：三民。
楊士隆(民90)。犯罪心理學（修訂新版），台北：五南。
楊士隆(民90)。少年犯罪生涯與常習犯罪研究之發展與啟示。中華民國犯罪學學會會訊，第二卷第二期。
楊士隆、程敬閏(民91)。強盜犯罪集團之生活史與犯罪歷程研究：以嘉義地區強盜集團之個案研究為例，警學叢看第34卷第4期，P137-166。楊台興、游日正(民82)。我國不良幫派及其成員之處理模式，文載於許春金等，不良幫派處理模式之泛文化比較研究，內政部警政署刑事警察局專案委託研究。
廖福村(民90)。警察控制青少年偏差行為之研究，台北：五南。
潘昱萱（民89）。理性選擇對竊盜行為解釋效力之考驗。國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
蔡德輝、楊士隆(民90)。少年犯罪-理論與實務-，台北：五南。蔡德輝、楊士隆(民91)。台灣地區少年加入幫派危險因子之實證研究，國科會專題研究，計畫編號：NSC 90-2414-H-015-015-SSS。鄧煌發(民88)。學校因應校園幫派之對策，學生輔導通訊第65期，P26-31。
二、英文部分
Baccaglini, W. F. (1993). Project Youth Gang-Drug Prevention: A Statewide Research Study. Rensselaer, NY: New York State Division for Youth.
Block, H.A. and A. Neiderhoffer (1958). The Gang: A Study in Adolescent Behavior, New York: Philosophical Library.
Bynum, J. E. and William E. Thompson (1989). Juvenile Delinquency: A Sociological Approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Campbell, A.(1990). Female Participation in Gangs. In C. R. Huff(Ed.), Gangs in America. P163-182. Newbury park, CA: Sage.
Capizzi, M., Cook, J.I., and Schumacher, M. 1995. The TARGET model: A new approach to the prosecution of gang cases. The Prosecutor Fall:18-21.
Cloward, R.A. and L.E. Ohlin(1960). Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquent Gangs . New York: Free Press.
Cohen, A. K. (1995). Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
Cohen, Albert K.（1990）. Foreword and Overview. P97-21 in Gangs in America, edited by C. Ronaid Huff. Newbury Park: Sage.
Cornish, Clarke. (1986) The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York : Springer-Verlag.
Cressce, Donald, Other People’s Money. (1972). A Study of the Social Psychology of Embezzlement, Glencoe I11: Free Press.
Decker, S.H., and Van Winkle, B. (1996). Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Dryfoos, Joy G. (1990). Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention, New York: Oxford University Press.
Durkheim, E. (1978). The Normal and the Pathological, L. D. Savitz and Norman Johnston edited, Crime in Society.
Erikson, E. (1959). Identity and the Life Cycle, NY: W.W. Norton & Ltd.
Flannery, Daniel J. C. Ronald Huff and Michael Manos (1998). Youth Gangs: A Developmental Perspective in Delinquent Violent Youth: Theory and Intervention (edited by Thomas P.Gullotta, Gerald R. Adams, and Raymond Montemayor) Sage Publications.
Glueck, Sheldon. (1960). “Wanted: A Comparative Criminology.”P in Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck, Ventures in Criminology: Selected Recent Papers, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Gray. L. N. Tallman. I. and (1990). Choices, decisions, and problem-solving. Annual Review of Sociology. (16),pp.405~433.
Hagedorn, J. M. (1988). People and Folks: Gangs, Crime and the Underclass in a Rustbelt City. Chicago, IL: Lakeview Press.
Hill, Karl G.；Howell, James C. (1999). Childhood Risk Factors for Adolescent Gang Membership: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project, Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency,Vol. 36 Issue 3, P300.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkely: University of California Press.
Hollin, Clive R. (1989) Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology. New York: Routledge.
Horowitz, Ruth. (1990). Sociological Perspectives on Gangs: Conflicting Definitions and Concepts. P37-54 in Gangs in America, edited by C. Ronald Huff. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Huff, C. R. (1989). Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and At-Risk Youths. NIJ Research in Brief Oct.:P1-8.
Huff, C. R. (1990). Gangs in America. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Huff, C. R. (1996). The Criminal Behavior of Gang Members and Non-Gang, At-risk Youth. In C. R. Huff (Ed.). Gangs in American(2nd ed.).Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
James, C. Howell. (1998). Youth Gangs: An Overview Juvenile Justice Bulletin, US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Johnstone, J. W. (1983). Recruitment to a youth gang. Youth and Society 14:281-300.
Klein, Malcolm W. (1971). Street Gangs and Street Worker. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kosterman, R., Hawkins, J.D., Hill, K.G., Abbott, R.D., Catalano, R.F., and Guo, J. (1996). The developmental dynamics of gang initiation: When and why young people join gangs. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago, IL.
Lal, S. R. (1999). Gang Activity at School: Prevention Strategies. http://eric-Web.tc.columbia. edu/ monographs /uds107/ gang_contents. html.
Manen, M. V. (1990). Research Lived Experience--Human Science for an Action Sensitive Pedagogy. The State University of New York.
Maxson, C. L. (1998). Gang Homicide. In Studying and Preventing Homicide, edited by D. Smith and M. Zahn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, P197-219.
McCord, Joan. (1991). “Family Relationships, Juvenile Delinquency, and Adult Criminality,” Criminology 29:397-417.
Merton, R. K. (1968). Social Theory and Social structuer(rev. and enl. Ed.). New York: Free Press.
Miller, W. B. (1958). Lower Class Culture as a Generating Milieu of Gang Delinquency, The Journal of Social Issues, Volume 14, No. 3, P5-19.
Miller, W. B. (1975). Violence by Youth Gangs and Youth Groups as a Crime Problem in Major American Cities. Rrport to the Delinquency Prevention.
Moore, J. W. (1978). Homeboys: Gangs, Drugs and Prison in the Barrios of Los Angeles. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Myers, Jim. (2000). Is There a Youth Gang Epidemic? Education Digest, Vol. 66 lssue 3, P34.
Sanchez-Jankowski, M.S. (1991). Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Sellin, Thorsten (1938), Culture Conflict and Crime. New York, Science Research Council.
Shaw, Clifford R. and Henry Mckay. (1931). Social Factors in Juvenile Delinquency. In Report on the Causes of Crime Washington DC: National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement.
Short, J. F., Jr., and Strodtbeck, F. L. (1965). Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
Short, James F. and Fred L. Strodtbeck (1987). Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Siegel, L. and J. Sienna. (1997). Juvenile Delinquency. Six Edition, West Publishing Co.
Smelser, Neil, J. (1991). Sociology. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Spergel, I.A. (1995). The Youth Gang Problem. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Spergel, Irving A. (1989). Youth Gangs: Problem and Response. A Review of the Literature (Tech. Rep. No. 1,National Youth Gang Suppression and Intervention Project). Chicago: University of Chicago, School of Social Service Administration.
Sutherland Edwin H. (1939). Principles of Criminology Third Edition.Philadelphia: J.B.Lippincott.
Tannenbaum, F. (1939). Crime and the Community. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
Taylor, C. S. (1989). Youth Gangs Organize Quest for Power, Money. School Safety: National School Safety Center News Journal. Malibu, CA: Pepperdine University Press.
Taylor, C. S. (1993). Girls, Gangs, Women and Drug. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
Thornberry, T. P. (1987). “Toward an Interaction theory of delinquency.” Criminology. 25:863-891.
Thornberry, T. P. (1998). Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending. In Serious and Violent Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, edited by R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, p.147-166.
Thornberry, T. P. Krohn, M. D. Lizotte, A. J. & Chard-Wieschem, D. (1993). The Role of Juvenile Gangs in Facilitating Delinquent Behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency.P55-87.
Thornberry, T. P. Krohn, M. D. Lizotte, A. J. Farnworth, Margaret； Sung Joon Jang (1994). Delinquent Peers, Beliefs, and Delinquent Behavior: A Longitudinal Test of Interactional Theory. Criminology.
Thrasher, F. M. (1927). The Gang. A Study of 1,313 Gangs in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Vigil, J.D. (1988). Barrio Gangs: Street Life and Identity in Southern California. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
White, W. F. (1955). Street Corner Society. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Yablonsky, L. (1962). The Violent Gang. New York, NY: Macmillan.