:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:公務員貪污犯罪行為歷程及其決意影響因素之研究
作者:陳永鎭
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:蔡田木、張平吾
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2014
主題關鍵詞:深度訪談法公務員貪污犯罪行為歷程決意影響因素In-depth interviewingcivil servantscorruptionbehavior processdetermining influential factors
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(0) 博士論文(0) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:0
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:31
摘 要
本研究目的在於瞭解公務員貪污犯罪特性、貪污犯罪初始、持續、停止階段等行為歷程及其決意影響因素,採用官方次級資料分析法、文獻探討法及質性研究之深度訪談法為主要研究方法,運用現象學發現研究法,進行深度訪談做應用性的研究,研究者採以立意抽樣方式,選定臺北、臺中、臺南、高雄、高雄女子、高雄第二監獄及明德外役監獄等7個矯正機構,選取具有准駁、採購及裁量權限之公務員,觸犯貪污治罪條例第四、五、六條規定被判處3年以上有期徒刑定讞而在監執行之受刑人為樣本,於徵詢接受訪談意願,再從中選取符合本研究條件之樣本計13名;依此,本研究個案分析發現:
公務員貪污犯罪特性:具有擔任公職平均13年後涉貪,年齡介於30-35歲及40-45歲間之中年、已婚、男性、具大專程度,心理認知較有偏誤心態,合理化自己行為之薦任公務員為主之特徵;貪污案件模式7成為違背職務行為收受賄賂且為共犯結構,在案件特性上,具有三個特性、兩個特殊現象:亦即為一經實施即難以停止與自首之特殊性;判處徒刑重及訴訟期冗長之特性;不法利得上,行政職務愈高者,不法利得愈多;職務上具有准駁權限者不法獲利高於裁罰權限者;而具有裁罰權限者不法獲利高於具有採購權限者之特殊現象及婚姻上高權職務者皆有分居、離婚之特殊現象。
貪污犯罪行為歷程之初始階段行為,個案基於日常習性交際頻繁、生活糜爛;家庭依附互動薄弱,且有職務較高之簡任官或職權高之個案,婚姻皆有分居抑或外遇而離婚等現象;透過與親近同儕團體及承襲先前經驗,在互動交流中學習貪污技巧。並基於抽象之權慾、同事排擠、升遷、績效,以及追求工作穩定等迷失及具體之情與財慾之財、利、名、情、權等慾望需求動機,誘發初始貪污犯罪行為。
貪污持續階段在認知已實施收賄,難以抽身、因未被發現導致增強其行為,基於職場誘惑及收賄機會不斷,雖7成個案具有罪疚感,惟難以抗拒誘惑與壓力,導致採取逃避、不理與藉助宗教力量因應而持續。同儕間刻意低調並與正向同事疏離而與與共犯間投名狀彼此凝聚。貪污犯罪手法非具專業化且抱以收賄習以為常之價值觀。
貪污停止階段,主要因無機會、無利可圖而停止,抑或家庭依附力愈強,而有停止之動機,惟已收賄無從收手,以致未有實際停止收賄行為。主因在於所涉貪污刑責過重,即使自首亦會被停職,仍無法確保工作,而無停止貪污行為,直至被檢舉或為發掘查辦方迫使其停止。
貪污犯罪決意影響因素,主要有六項影響因素包含需求動機、壓力源、誘因機會、監控機制、成本效益評估及規避查緝模式等,其中以機會為主要考量;另決意時間以具有准駁權之決意時間達6個月至1年之久,具採購、裁量權限者,最快當日即已決意實施貪污犯罪行為。
依據研究發現,本研究提出有5大項共17點建議,以供實務單位參考,包括:初任公務員及職前教育之貪瀆案例教育;強化倫理法紀教育;實施性格特質檢測;機關舉辦與眷屬互動關懷活動,強化家庭依附力,遏阻不當交際應酬習性;派補正式輔導教師或心輔社工師,落實品德教育及諮商輔導;擬定揭弊者保護及私部門揭弊規範;結合內、外部監控機制;扮演救生員角色;檢視利益衝突、財產申報鎖定異常員工;落實輪調制度;強制代理人制度;落實關說登錄及改善績效評核制度;避免模仿去除增強,強化法律構成要件及倫理道德教育;制訂現行作業處理流程,去除藉口;善用職權處分,給予自新機會;制訂概括自首期限;修正貪污治罪條例,符合罪刑相當、逐漸回歸刑法規範等防制策略。
關鍵字:深度訪談法、公務員、貪污犯罪、行為歷程、決意影響因素
Abstract
The goal of the research is to know the characteristics of each corrupt civil serv-ant, how he went through the stages of initiation, habituation and desistance, and why he decided to accept bribes. The main research methods are secondary data analysis, literature review and in-depth interview of qualitative research, and phenomenological data analysis is used as the basis for the in-depth interview. The target samples are civil servants accused of Anti-Corruption Act and sentenced to imprisonment for not less than three years, and 13 willing inmates are chosen as appropriate purposive samples from 7 correctional institutions in Taipei, Taichung, Tainan and Kaohsiung.
The characteristics of civil servants accused of Anti-Corruption Act are mainly male junior-ranked civil servants who are in their middle-aged (30-35 and 40-45) with a bachelor degree and have served over 13 years. They have deviant cognitive attitude and are inclined to rationalize their conducts. 70% of corruption cases are originated from exploiting their position to accept bribes, and they usually have accomplices. Once bribes are taken, it’s hard to stop and confess. When corruption is exposed, it usually takes a long time to wait for conviction affirmed, and the sentence is heavy. For the amount of illegal incomes, the higher the administrative position, the more the illegal incomes. The position with the approval right gets more illegal incomes than the one with the discretionary right. The position with the discretionary right gets more illegal incomes than the one with the purchase right.
At the initiation stage, the corruption occurs on civil servants who have wide acquaintances, leading fast lives, weak family relationship, unstable marital status or extramarital relations to divorce. Some are even higher-ranking officers. They were shared experiences mainly from close friends or colleagues and got motivated from desires for fortune, benefit, fame, affection and power. The pursuit of power, peer recognition, promotion, performance and job stability are the reasons that individual civil servants take initials to receive bride actively or passively.
At the habituation stage, the corruption continues because the act of receiving bribes has been taken and it’s difficult to withdraw. In addition, the act also hasn’t been discovered. The continuing incentives and opportunities to receive bribes rein-force their action. Though 70% of the cases have the feeling of guilty, they also feel the pressure of exposing. Eventually, they’re inclined to flee or ignore the possible consequences and resort to religion.
Corrupt civil servants keep low-profile within peers, alienate positive co-workers and groups, and get together with accomplices. They’re usually familiar with relative regulations. As a consequence, the loops of regulation were used to make corruption crime professional. They also consider bribe taken is normal.
At the desistance stage, the corrupt civil servants might have motives to stop be-cause of lack of opportunities, no benefit any more or strong family affiliation. How-ever, they still haven’t taken any action because it’s getting difficult to stop at this stage. They think the corruption punishment is too serious. Even if they turn them-selves in, they’re still unable to keep their job. In the end, their illegal acts are dug out by law enforcement officers through complaint and different information sources, and they’re forced to stop.
The determining factors for corruption includes being motivated, feeling pressure, being allured, finding a loophole in the monitoring mechanism, the result of evaluating the cost and performance and avoiding investigation. With any of these factors as the motivation, once the civil servants get the opportunity, they are easy to accept bribes. The time for determination depends on how high he decision right the position holds. For the position with the approval right, it takes approx. six months to one year. For the positions with the discretionary and purchase rights, the decision could be made immediately.
According to the study results, some suggestions are listed below as a reference for related official authorities:
1. Design anti-corruption courses to recruits
2. Improve ethical and law education
3. Take character test
4. Have family days to reinforce the relationship with family
5. Appoint official counselors or social workers who specialize in counseling for character education and career counseling
6. Establish whistleblower protection regulations
7. Integrate interior and exterior monitoring mechanism
8. Play the role of lifesaver
9. Check benefit conflicts and target at abnormal property reports
10. Carry out regular job rotation
11. Force to implement the representative mechanism
12. Implement lobby registration and improve the performance assessment system
13. Avoid imitating to eliminate positive enhancing effect, and strengthen propagat-ing elements of crime and career ethical and moral education
14. Establishing SOP to remove extra excuses
15. Make use of administrative measures to help correct error
16. Give surrenders deadline
17. Abolish Anti-Corruption Act to conform to the principles of the consistency be-tween the crime and the penalty and apply to the regulations of Criminal Law
Keywords: In-depth interviewing, civil servants, corruption, behavior process, deter-mining influential factors
一、中文部分
大淵憲一、戴伸峰(2013),犯罪心理學,台北:雙葉書廊有限公司。
王文科、王智弘(2002),教育研究法,台北:五南書局。new window
王石番(1996)),傳播內容分析法-理論與實證,臺北:幼獅文化事業股份有限公司。
王佳煌、潘中道(2005),當代社會研究法,臺北:學富文化事業有限公司。
王永福(2008),不同類型公務員貪瀆犯罪之特徵及影響因素之調查研究,臺北:國立臺北大學犯罪學研究碩士論文。
王政(2009),如何消除貪污十四種途徑之分析,臺北:文官制度季刊,1:53。new window
朱儀羚、吳芝儀等譯(2004),敘事心理與研究:自我創傷與意義的建構,臺北:濤石文化出版公司。
何定偉(2005),環保職務犯罪態樣與成因之研究,臺北:國立臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。
宋筱元(1989),論我國肅貪組織及其發展,桃園:中央警察大學警學叢刊,20(2):71-81。new window
吳芝儀、李奉儒譯(1999),質的評鑑與研究,臺北:桂冠出版社。
李政賢譯(2009a),質性研究-設計與計畫撰寫,臺北:五南圖書出版公司。
李政賢譯(2009b),訪談研究法,臺北:五南圖書出版公司。
李湧清(1989),從組織社會學的觀點論警察貪污問題,桃園:中央警察大學警學叢刊,20(2):23-34。new window
邢泰釗(2011),貪污治罪條例圖利罪構成要件實務解析,臺北:法務部廉政署。
季志平(2009),公務員最有利標決標採購犯罪歷程之研究,桃園:中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
法務部(2010),台灣地區廉政指標民意調查第二次調查報告書,臺北:國際透明組織台灣總會—台灣透明組織。
法務部廉政署(2011),法務部廉政署100年度工作報告,台北:法務部廉政署。
法務部調查局(2012),法務部調查局100年度工作報告,台北:法務部調查局。
法務部調查局(2014),法務部調查局102年度工作報告,台北:法務部調查局。
法務部廉政署(2014),法務部廉政署簡介,台北:法務部廉政署。
法務部廉政署(2015),法務部廉政署統計報告,台北:法務部廉政署。
林世當(2009),警政人員貪腐因子之概述,2009年倡廉反貪防治貪瀆學術研討會。
林政憲(1993),貪污行為態樣之分析研究,臺北: 國立政治大學法律研究所碩士論文。
林筠軒(2006),臺灣貪污犯罪形成模式之初探性研究,桃園:元智大學資訊社會學研究所碩士論文。
孟維德(2008),白領犯罪,臺北:五南圖書出版公司。new window
孟維德、蔡田木等(2009),以地方政府為型模,建置廉政風險預警機制及具體防制措施,臺北縣政府政風處委託研究案。
孟維德、蔡田木、劉至剛(2010),公務員貪瀆犯罪原因及預警機制之研究,桃園:中央警察大學執法新知論衡6(2):27-57。new window
孟維德、鄧馨華(2011),公務員貪瀆犯罪之實證分析,嘉義:2011年倡廉反貪防治貪瀆學術研討會。
胡奇玉(2010),公務員職務犯罪特性及其歷程之研究,桃園:中央警察大學犯罪防治學系碩士論文。
胡佳吟(2003),公務員貪污犯罪影響因素之研究,臺北:國立臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。new window
胡佳吟(2005),公務員貪污犯罪影響因素之研究,臺北:犯罪與刑事司法研究,9:41-81。new window
高薰方、林盈助、王向葵譯(2001),質化研究設計:一種互動取向的方法,台北:心理出版社。
胡幼慧編(1996),質化研究理論:方法及本土女性研究實例,台北:巨流圖書有限公司。
馬傳鎮(2008),犯罪心理學新論,臺北:心理出版社。new window
畢恆達(2005),教授為什麼沒告訴我-論文寫作的枕邊書,臺北:學富文化事業有限公司。
張平吾、范國勇、黃富源(2012),犯罪學新論,臺北:三民書局。
張平吾(2013),台灣地區貪瀆犯罪現況與特性之探討,北京:第五屆全球化時代犯罪與刑法國際論壇研討會論文集,頁408~421。
符曼莉(1982),我國公務人員貪污行為之研究,臺北: 國立政治大學公共行政研究所碩士論文。
許春金(2010),人本犯罪學,臺北:三民書局。
許春金(2014),犯罪學,臺北:三民書局。
國立中正大學犯罪防治中心(2014),103年上半年度全國民眾被害暨政府維護治安施政滿意度調查報告,嘉義:國立中正大學
陳文隆(2010),警察人員貪瀆歷程之探討-以賭博性電玩為例,臺北:國立臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。
陳永鎭(2007),台灣地區新興詐欺犯罪趨勢與歷程之研究,桃園:中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
陳永鎭、張平吾(2013),公務員貪污犯罪特徵與形成因素之初探,桃園:銘傳大學2013第二屆應急管理論壇學術研討會論文集,頁291~318。
陳永鎭(2013),貪污犯罪決意影響因素之探討,北京:第五屆全球化時代犯罪與刑法國際論壇研討會論文集,頁464~481。
陳有政(2009),我國公務採購犯罪模式之研究,臺中:逢甲大學公共政策所碩士論文。
陳聖炘(1992),從一般化犯罪理論探討貪污犯及公務員之自我控制與相關因素,桃園:中央警察大學警政研究所碩士論文。
郭玉霞(2009),質性研究資料分析NVivo8活用寶典,臺北:高等教育文化事業有限公司。
曾百川(2006),網路詐欺犯罪歷程之質化研究,桃園:中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所論文。
游恆山(2001),心理學導論。台北:五南。
黃光雄、鄭瑞隆 譯(2001),質性研究教育研究理論與方法--實地工作,嘉義:濤石出版公司。
黃成琪(2001),我國公務人員貪污問題與防制策略之研究,臺北: 中國文化大學中山學術研究所博士論文。new window
黃重寅(2005),公務員採購犯罪之研究,桃園:中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
黃啟賓(2005a),警察職務犯罪之研究,桃園:中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所博士論文。new window
黃啟賓(2005b),從組織理論探討警察職務犯罪之研究,桃園:中央警察大學警學叢刊,36(2):79-106。new window
黃源協(1988),貪污罪犯工作價值與工作滿足之研究,臺北: 東吳大學社會學研究所碩士論文。
黃榮堅(2007),人格心理學,臺北:心理出版社股份有限公司。
楊士隆(2009),犯罪心理學,臺北:五南圖書出版公司。
楊明輝(2006),警察職務犯罪預防機制之研究,臺北:國立臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。
楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園(1986),社會及行為科學研究法(上、下冊),台北:東華書局。new window
葉重新(2008),心理學,臺北:心理出版社。
簡春安、鄒平儀(1998),社會工作研究法,臺北:巨流出版社。new window
歐用生(1999),質的研究,臺北:師大書院。
劉墉(2014),人生百忌:劉墉教你趨吉避凶,臺北:時報文化出版企業股份有限公司。
蔡德輝、楊士隆(2012),犯罪學,臺北:五南圖書出版公司。
蔡田木、陳永鎭(2012),我國貪污犯罪研究類型與趨勢之探討,桃園:中華民國犯罪學學會、臺灣警察學術研究學會、中央警察大學犯罪防治學系、2012年犯罪防治學術檢視與創新研討會論文集,頁99~152。
蔡田木(2013a),公務員貪瀆犯罪影響因素之實證研究,桃園:第二屆應急管理論壇研討會論文集,頁129~148。
蔡田木(2013b),個人行為特性與公務人員貪瀆犯罪關聯性之研究,北京:第五屆全球化時代犯罪與刑法國際論壇研討會論文集,頁507~522。
蔡穎玲(2007),貪污犯罪形成歷程探討,國立臺北大學犯罪學研究所碩士論文。
蕭清淵(2001),貪瀆犯行認知基模之萃取研究,嘉義:國立中正大學犯罪防治研究所碩士論文。
潘淑滿(2003),質性研究:理論與應用,臺北:心理出版社。
謝文彥(2002),親密關係殺人犯罪之研究,桃園:中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所博士論文。
謝志偉、王慧玉譯(2010),混合方法研究導論,臺北:心理出版社。
顏寧譯(2011),質性研究-設計與施作指南,臺北:五南圖書出版公司。
雇瑜君譯(2007),質性研究寫作,臺北:五南圖書出版公司。
二、西文部分
Agnew, Rober(1992). Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency, Criminology 30: 47-87.
Akers R.L. (1990). "Rational choice, deterrence and social learning theory in criminology: The path not taken. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Vol. 81, 653-676.
Akers, Ronal L. &; Gary F. Jensen(2003). Social Learning Theory and the Explanation of Crime, New Jersey: New Brunswick.
Abigail Barr &; Danila Serra(2010). Corruption and culture: An experimental analysis. Journal of Public Economics. vol.94, 862-869
Bayley, D.H.(1990).The Effects of Corruption in a Developing Nation , Arnold J. Heidenheimer etal . (eds) Political Corruption :A Handbook, PP.935--952。
Benson, M. &; S.Simpson(2009). White collar crime: An opportunity perspective. NY: Routledge.
Bertaux, D.(1981). Biography and society: The Life history approach in the Ssocial sciences. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Biklen,S.K. &; R.C.Bogdan(1982). Qualitative Research for Education:An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston:Allyn and Bacon.
Bin Dong, Uwe Dulleck, &; Benno Torgler(2012). Conditional corruption. Journal of Economic Psychology vol.33. 609-627.
Brantingham, PJ. &; P.L.Brantingham (1991). Environmental Criminology Second Edi-tion. Prospect Heights. IL: Waveland.
Clarke, R.V &; P.M. Harris. (1992). "A rational choice perspective on the targets of autotheft. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, Vol. 2:25-42.
Clarke, R.V &; M. Felson (1993) "Routine activity and rational choice. Advances in criminologlcal Theory. VOL 5. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Clarke, R.V. (1997). Situational Crime Prevention. Successful Case Studies, Second Edition. Albany, NY: Harrowand Heston.
Clarke, R.V. &; D.B. Cornish. (1985). "Modeling offenders' decisions: A framework for research and policy." In M. Tonry and N. Morris, (eds.), Crime and Justice, Vol. 6, pp. 147- 185. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Clark, R. &; D.Cornish(1986). The resoning criminal: ration choice perspectives on offending. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Clarke, R. V. &; D. B.Cornish(2001). Rational Choice -- explaining criminals and crime essays in Contemporary Criminological theory,California:Roxbusy Publishing Company.
Cloward, R &; L. Ohlin,(1960). Delinquency and Opportunity: A Theory of Delinquency Gangs, Free Press.
Cornish, D.B. (1993). Theories of action in criminology: Learning theory and rational choice approaches. p. 351-382
Cope, H. &; K. R.Kerly(2001). Personal fraud victims and their official responses to victimization. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 17(1):p19~34.
Cullen, F. T. &; Robert Agnew (2006) Criminological Theory: Past to Present Essential Readings, California: Roxbury Publishing Company.
Dennis Jay Kenney &; Roy Godson (2002), Countering crime and corruption: A school-based program on the US–Mexico border. Criminal Justice © 2002 SAGE Publications London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi. 1466–8025(200211) 2:4;Vol. 2(4): 439–470.
Dollard, J. C., L. Dooo, &; N. Millen(1939). Frustration and Aggression, New Haven, Yale University Press.
Farrington, D. P.(2005). Childhood origins of antisocial behavior. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 177-190.
Felson, Marcus(2002). Crime and Everyday Life. Pine Forge Press.
Felson, Marcus &; R. V. Clarke(1998). Opportunity Makes the Thief. Home Office.
Gennaro F. V., M. Ronald &; Holmes,(1993). Criminology: Theory, Research, And Policy. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Gottfredson, M.R. &; D. M.Gottfredson(1988). Decision Making in Criminal Jus-tic.New York:Plenum Press.
Gottfredson, M.R. &; T.Hirschi(1990). A General Theory of crime , Stanford University Press.
Hall, C. S., G. Lindzey & Campbell, John B.(1998).Theories of Personality, 4th ed. New york: John Wiley &; Sons, Inc.
Harry, F.W.(1990).Writing Up Qualitative Research, , CA.:Sage Publications.
Hennessey Hayes & Tim Prenzler(2003).Profiling Fraudsters--A Queensland Case Study in Fraudster Crime. Criminology and Criminal Justice Griffith University,.
Hycner, R. H. (1985). Some guidelines for the phenomenological analysis of interview data. Human Studies, Vol. 8:279-303.
Irving, Seidman(2006). Interiewing as Qualitative Research, Teachers College, Co-lumbia University, New York.
Jeffery, C. Ray(1977). Crime Prevention T hrough Enironmental Design London : Sage Publications, Inc.,
John H. Laub &; Robert J. Sampson(2003). Shared Beginnings and Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Harvard University press.
Jose L. Galvan(2012). Wrting Literature Reviews: A Guide ffor Students of the Social and BehavioralSciences.(3h ed.), California state University, Los Angeles press.
Juin-jen Chang, Ching-chong Lai, &; C.C. Yang(2000),Casual police corruption and the economics of crime: Further result. International Review of Law and Economics Vol.20:35–51.
Kennedy,L.W.&; V.F.Sacco(1998). Crime victims in context.Los Angeles, CA:Roxbury Publishing Company.
Klitgaard, R.(1988).Controlling Corruption. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Kohlberg, L., &; E.Turill(1969). Research in moralization: The cognitive develop-mental approach. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Lincoln, Y. S., &; E. G. Guba(1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA:Sage.
Lipson, J.G.(1994). Ethical Issues in Ethnography. In Morse.J.m.(Ed),Critical issues in qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA.:Sage Publications.
Martin, Randy, R. J. Mutchnick, &; Austin, W. T. (1990). Criminological Though: Pio-neers Past and Present. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Mashall, C. &; G.B. Rossman(1995). Designing qualitative research (2 nded)New Deilhi, London:Sage.
Maslow, A. H(1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
Maslow, A. H(1970). Motivation and personality(2nd ed.). New York: Harper &; Row.
Matza. D. &; G. M. Sykes (1970), Techniques of neutralization, a theory of delinquency. In H. L. Voss(edited),Society, Delinquency and Delinquent Behavior. Boston: Little Brown.
Michael G. Maxfield &; Eael R. Babbie.(2003) Research Methods for Criminal Justice and Criminology(4th ed.), California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Moerton, Robert C.(1986). Social Theory and Social Structure, The Free Press.
Newman, Oscar(1972). Defensible Space, Crime Prevention Through Urban Design, New York: Macmillan.
Paternoster, Raymond &; Ronet Bachman (2001).Explaining Criminals and Crime. California: Roxbury Publishing Company. 23-42.
Patton, M. Q.(1980)Qualitative evaluation methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Peter B.Kraska. &; Lawrence Neuman(2008)Criminal Justice and Criminology Re-search Methods, California: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Piaget, J. J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. New York: The Free Press.
Potkey, C. R. &; B. P.Allen(1990).Personality:Theory, Research, and Applications. Brooks Cole.
Reckless,W.C.(1976). A New theory of Delinquency and Crime, Rose Gia-llombards edited, jurenile Delinquency, 3 rd, p.168
Reiboldt, Wendy &; Ronald E. Vogel(2003).A Critical Analysis of Telemarketing Fraud in a Gated Senior Community,Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, vol.13(4):21-38.
Ronald V. Clarke(1997). Situational crime prevention: Successful case studies, 2nd edition , Harrow and Heston,1997, p.18.
Rory Truex(2011), Corruption, Attitudes, and Education: Survey Evidence from Ne-pal,World Development Vol. 39, No. 7:1133–1142.
Sampson, Robert &; John Laub,(1993). Crime in the Making. Harvard University press.
Schram, T. H.(2003). Conceptualizing qualitative inquriry: mindwork for fieldwork in education and the social science. Upper Saddle River, NJ:Merrill prentice Hall.
Seidman, I. E.(1998). Interviewing as qualitative research: Aguide for researchers in education and the social sciences(2nd ed). New York: Teachers College Press.
Sharan, B. M.(2009). Qualitative Research, A Guide to Design and Implementation. John Wiley &; Sons, Ic.
Siegel, Larry J.,(2006).Criminology(9th ed.). California: Wadsworth Publishing
Company.
Skinner, B. F.(1938). The Behavior of Organisms. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F.(1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan.
Sutherland, E. H.(1939).White Collar Criminality, American Sociological Review.
Sutherland, E. H. &; D. R. Cressey(1978). Criminology . N.Y.:Lippincott Company.
Van Wyk,J. &; K.A. Mason(2001). Investigation vulnerability and reporting behavior for consumer fraud victimization. Journal of Contemporary Criminal and Justice, vol. 17(4):328~345.
Van Manen, M.(1990). Researching lived experience: Human science for an action sensitive pedagogy. London, Canada: The University of Western Ontario.
Walters , Gleen ,D. &; T.W. White (1989), Lifestyle Criminality From a Development Standpoint, American Journal of Criminal Justice, vol.13:257-258.
Wang, Yuanyuan &; You, Jing (2012), Corruption and firm growth: Evidence from China. China Economic Review. Vol.23:415-433.
三、網路資料部分
TVBS民意調查中心網站:http://www.tvbs.com.tw
中正大學犯罪防治中心網站:http://deptcrc.ccu.edu.tw/index.php/examine/showExamine/45
法務部全球資訊網:http://www.moj.gov.tw
法務部廉政署網站:http://www.aac.moj.gov.tw
法務部調查局網站:http://www.mjib.gov.tw/
聯合知識庫網站:http://udn.data.com
頻果日報:http://www.appledaily.com.tw
東森新聞雲網站:http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130329/185654.htm
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE