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題名:繼親家庭中父母親職經驗之敘說研究
作者:羅晧誠
校院名稱:國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商學系所
指導教授:趙淑珠
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:繼親家庭親職經驗敘說研究繼親職親職涉入親職共構Stepfamiliesparenting experiencesnarrative analysisstepparentingparental involvementparental co-construction
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本研究旨在以述說研究法來探索繼親家庭中父母親的親職經驗,藉由生父母與繼父母敘說其為人父母的經驗,理解其:1.親職經驗的內涵為何?他們的經驗又是如何隨著時間而改變?2.他們是如何建構出雙方的親職模式3.不同系統對父母的親職經驗影響為何。本研究一共訪問了三個繼親家庭,其中一個家庭是生父與繼母的組合,另兩個家庭是生母與繼父的組合。三個家庭的繼父母均是首次婚姻,而繼子女在嬰兒期或幼兒期時進入繼親家庭。研究者同時收集了三個家庭內生父母與繼父母雙方的資料,依據「整體-形式」的分析架構,並採用情節分析的策略,經過繁複的分析、比對過程後,研究發現:
一、 繼親家庭的親職經驗可透過三個面向來了解,(一)親職涉入狀態:在家庭成立初期,繼父母對繼子女的親職涉入狀態明顯升高;在繼子女進入青少年期,繼父母與生父母親職涉入狀態均有下降的趨勢;在繼父母之生子女出生後,繼父母對生子女的涉入狀態通常是上升的,對繼子女的涉入狀態則是下降的。(二)親職涉入型態:1.女性以照護為主,男性以管教為主,但此種模式仍可能因夫妻對親職角色共構的方式不同而產生反轉。2.生父母照護、管教兼備;繼父母照護為主,管教為輔。(三)親職合作模式:1.對於剛出生的子女,通常呈現出妻指導,夫學習的合作模式。2. 在管教上通常呈現生父母為主,繼父母為輔的合作模式。
二、  親職涉入狀態的轉折與生父母及繼父母間是如何共構彼此的親職模式有密切的關連。研究發現性別因素,孝道文化,不友善的社會論述是影響生父母與繼父母共構過程的主要因素。在性別因素的影響下,產生「傾斜的父母次系統」、「失去小孩成長軌跡的父母合作方式」、「親職為重的組合」、「傳統性別的親職模式」、「非傳統式的親職分工模式」、「教練與學生式的親職合作」等共構模式。在孝道文化的影響下,產生「孝道文化的籠罩」之共構模式。在不友善的社會論述下,產生「肇因於繼母角色困境的主權回歸」、「生母角色與繼母角色的交織對映」、「繼子發聲觸動繼父角色的無奈」、「給主流文化交代的婚姻」等共構模式。
三、 本研究亦發現家庭成員發展上的議題、家庭系統內不同次系統間的運作狀況等家庭內的相關因素;以及前家庭、生父母與繼父母的原生家庭、性別、孝道文化、信仰等家庭外的其他相關因素,亦與繼親家庭中父母的親職經驗有某種程度的關連。
最後,研究者據此提出給實務工作者的建議以及關於未來研究進一步的思考。
This study is aimed at using narrative analysis methods to explore parenting experiences of parents in stepfamilies from the perspective of both birth and step parents in order to understand the connotations of these parenting experiences and how these experiences change over time; how parents construct a parenting model; and how exosystems and macrosystems affect parenting experiences. A total of three stepfamilies were interviewed for this study. One was led by a birth father and a stepmother, while the other two were each headed by a birth mother and a stepfather. The stepparents in all three families were in their first marriage, and had joined the families when the stepchildren were infants or toddlers. Qualitative data on the birth- and step-parents was collected and analyzed using plot analysis strategies under a “holistic-form” analytical framework. After rigorous analysis, the following was revealed:
1. Parenting experiences in stepfamilies can be understood in three dimensions:
i. Level of parental involvement: Shortly after the formation of the new family unit, stepparents’ involvement with their stepchildren increased noticeably; however, as the stepchildren entered adolescence, the parental involvement of both birth- and step-parents decreased. After the stepparents had children of their own, involvement with their own children increased, while involvement with their stepchildren decreased.
ii. Form of parental involvement: Females usually focused on caring for the children, while males focused on discipline; but a husband and wife’s chosen parenting methods might be different, resulting in role reversal. In addition, birth parents were found to balance childcare and discipline, whereas stepparents focused more on childcare supplemented by discipline.
iii. Pattern of parental cooperation: After giving birth to a new child, the wife guided the husband as he learned. In the area of discipline, birth parents were the primary disciplinarians, supported by the step parents.
2. Transitions between levels of parental involvement strongly correlated with the ways in which birth and stepparents co-created their parenting models. Sex, filial piety, and unfriendly social discourse were all found to be important factors in the process of co-construction. Under the influence of sexual factors were co-creation models labeled herein as “unbalanced parental subsystem,” “cooperation between parents unfamiliar with the child’s upbringing,” “parenting-focused marriage,” “traditional sex-based parenting,” “non-traditional division of parental responsibilities,” and “coach-and-student style parental combination.” Under the influence of filial piety was “envelopment by filial piety.” Under the influence of unfriendly social discourse were models such as “return of sovereignty due to difficulties with stepmother roles,” “intersection of birth mother and stepmother roles,” “stepfather role difficulties in dealing with stepchildren,” and “marriage to continue the family line.”
3. This study found a connection between the parenting experiences of parents in stepfamilies and factors within the family, such as developmental issues among family members and the operational state of different subsystems within the family system; as well as factors outside the family, such as previous families, families of birth- and step-parents, sex, filial piety, and beliefs.
Finally, suggestions to clinical practitioners and thoughts on future research are presented at the end of the study.
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