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題名：單一選區與複數選區相對多數制下的選民策略投票
書刊名：東吳政治學報
作者：黃秀端 引用關係
作者(外文)：Hawang, Shiow-duan
出版日期：2001
卷期：13
頁次：頁37-75
主題關鍵詞：策略投票；選舉體系；單一選區多數代表制；單記非讓渡投票法；政黨抉擇；政黨認同；配票；Strategic voting；Electoral system；Single member district plurality system；Single non-transferable vote system；SNTV；Party choice；Party identification；Vote equalization
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　　　　　近年來國內有關選舉之研究雖然不少，但是鮮少有學者討論不同選舉 制度之差異是否影響選民之投票抉擇。我國總統、省市長及縣市長選舉採單一選 區多數投票法，立委選舉採複數選區相對多數制，本文旨在探討選民在如此不同 之選舉制度下是否有不同的策略投票行為？ 本文利用立委選舉、省市長選舉以及總統選舉的調查訪問資料以及歷年來中選會 的選舉結果資料，來比較分析在單一選區以及複數選區單記投票制下，選民之投 票決定是否會有不同之策略性思考，以及家庭其他成員是否相互影響。 就整體而言，我們發現在單一選區中選民的策略投票為黨際間選票之轉移。換言 之，在單一選區中如果有三個或三個以上政黨存在時，支持實力較弱的政黨的選 民為避免選票浪費，會將選票轉給兩大黨中他較不討厭的政黨，所以選票轉移是 從一個政黨轉向另外一個政黨。 反之，複數選區的選票轉移是黨內間之轉移，即選民為了使選票不致浪費於超強 或過弱之候選人，以極大化政黨在選區內之席次，而將選票從該黨中的某一位候 選人轉移到另外一位候選人。因此我們將可能預期歷屆行政首長選舉的各政黨得 票率之波動程度遠高於複數選區之選舉。 就個人投票抉擇而言，在單一選區中，政黨認同愈強者越不可能進行策略性投 票，因為此將意味將其寶貴之一票投給他黨。相反地，在複數選區中，政黨認同 越強者，越可能進行策略性投票，因其選票之轉移是在同黨內候選人之間，其目 的是為了增加該政黨在選區內之席次。就家庭成員而言，在單一選區中，同一家 庭之成員應集中全力支持同一候選人，除非家庭中不同成員有意識形態或政黨認 同之差異。但是，在複數選區中，家庭中成員可能因為配票原故，而支持不同候 選人。
　　　　　Researches on voting behavior have rested very heavily on evidence from either the U.S. or British experiences. They both have single member district plurality system. In the United States, voters are generally making one choice between two alternatives. When the voters choose the party, they also choose the party's candidate, when the voters pick up the candidate, they also pick the party he represented. But in Taiwan, most legislator elections are based on multiple member districts, voters only have a single vote, regardless of the district magnitude, and votes are not transferable to other candidates of the same party. In order to maximize their seats in the district, parties usually nominate more than one candidate in a district, thus, candidates from the same party will compete with each other. Since the votes are not transferable, it is dangerous if one candidate is so popular that captures most of the votes for his party, while other candidates of his party in the district will not get elected. How to distribute the votes among its candidates in order to win as many seats as possible becomes a major task for the parties in the system. For the voters, facing so many candidates from the same party, party identification may not be enough for them to vote, they need other cues. Moreover, in order to see their party gain maximum seats, voters many vote strategically. The results of this paper indicate that electoral system do make voters choices differently. In a single member district plurality system, strategic voters cast their votes from one weak party to the other strong party, it is inter-party transference. On the other hand, in multiple member district, in order to maximize their seats in the district, people transfer their votes from one candidate to another candidate among the candidates of the same party, so it is intra-party transference. Moreover, from the survey research data, we also find that in a single member district, the stronger the party identification, the less they will do the strategic vote; on the contrary, in multiple member district, the stronger the party identification, the more they will do strategic voting.
期刊論文
1.Reed, Steven R.(1999)。Strategic Voting in the 1996 Japanese General Election。Comparative Political Studies，32(2)，257-270。  new window
2.Galbraith, John W.、Rae, Nicol C.(1989)。A test of the importance of tactical voting: Great Britain, 1987。British Journal of Political Science，19(1)，126-136。  new window
3.Hsieh, John Fuh-sheng、Niou, Emerson M. S.、Paolino, Philip(1997)。Strategic Voting in the 1994 Taipei City Mayoral Election。Electoral Studies，16(2)，153-163。  new window
4.Spafford, D.(1972)。Electoral Systems and Voters' Behavior: Comment and a Further Test。Comparative Politics，5(1)，129-134。  new window
5.謝復生、Niemi, Richard G.(1999)。Can Duverger's Law Be Extended to SNTV? The Case of Taiwan's Legislative Yuan Elections。Electoral Studies，18(1)，101-116。  new window
6.Cox, Gary W.(1994)。Strategic Voting Equilibria under the Single Nontransferable Vote。American Political Science Review，88(3)，608-621。  new window
7.Ordeshook, Peter C.、Shvetsova, Olga V.(1994)。Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude, and the Number of Parties。American Journal of Political Science，38(1)，100-123。  new window
8.Johnston, R. J.、Pattie, C. J.(1991)。Tactical Voting in Great Britain in 1983 and 1987: An Alternative Approach。British Journal of Political Science，21(1)，95-128。  new window
9.Grumm, John(1958)。Theories of Electoral Systems。Midwest Journal of Political Science，2(4)，357-376。  new window
10.Catt, H.(198910)。Tactical Voting in Britain。Parliamentary Affairs，42(4)，548-559。  new window
11.游清鑫(19960500)。選舉制度、選舉競爭與選舉策略：八十四年北市南區立委選舉策略之個案研究。選舉研究，3(1)，137-177。new window  延伸查詢new window
12.Blais, Andre、Nadeau, Richard(1996)。Measuring Strategic Voting: A Two-Step Procedure。Electoral Studies，15(1)，39-52。  new window
13.Shively, W. Phillips(1970)。The Elusive 'Psychological Factor'。Comparative Politics，3(1)，129-134。  new window
14.Cox, Gary W.、Niou, Emerson M. S.(1994)。Seat Bonuses Under the Single Nontransferable Vote System: Evidence From Japan and Taiwan。Comparative Politics，26(2)，221-236。  new window
15.Niemi, Richard G.、Whitten, Gary、Franklin, Mark N.(1992)。Constituency Characteristics, Individual Characteristics and Tactical Voting in the 1987 British General Election。British Journal of Political Science，22(2)，229-254。  new window
16.Laakso, Markku、Taagepera, Rein(1979)。The "Effective" Number of Parties: A Measure with Application to West Europe。Comparative Political Studies，12(1)，3-27。  new window
17.謝復生(19890900)。從選舉制度與選民結構看我國今後政黨政治的走向。中山社會科學季刊，4(3)，30-39。  延伸查詢new window
18.Riker, William H.(19821200)。The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law: An Essay on the History of Political Science。American Political Science Review，76(4)，753-766。  new window
19.莊文忠(20000700)。選舉預測與策略性投票：以八十九年總統選舉為例。理論與政策，14(2)=54，55-91。new window  延伸查詢new window
20.王業立(19960500)。相對多數vs.絕對多數：各國總統直選方式的比較研究。選舉研究，3(1)，49-67。new window  延伸查詢new window
21.王業立(19950500)。單記非讓渡投票制的政治影響：我國民意代表選舉制度的探討。選舉研究，2(1)，147-167。new window  延伸查詢new window
22.Johnston, Richard(1992)。Party Identification Measures in the Anglo-American Democracies: A National Survey Experiment。American Journal of Political Science，36(2)，542-559。  new window
23.謝復生(1986)。選舉制度與政黨多寡：兼論科學法則的建立。國立政治大學學報，54，151-163。  延伸查詢new window
24.Cain, Bruce E.(1978)。Strategic Voting in Britain。American Journal of Political Science，22(3)，639-655。  new window
25.Cox, Gray W.(198411)。Strategic Electoral Choice in Multi-Member Districts: Approval Voting in Practice?。American Journal of Political Science，28(4)，722-738。  new window
26.Cox, Gary W.、Munger, Michael(1989)。Closeness, Expenditures, and Turnout in the 1982 U. S. House Elections。American Political Science Review，83(1)，217-231。  new window
27.Evans, Geoffrey、Heath, Anthony(199301)。A Tactical Error in the Analysis of Tactical Voting: A Response to Niemi。British Journal of Political Science，23(1)，131-137。  new window
28.Fey, Mark(1997)。Stability and Coordination in Duverger's Law: A Formal Model of Pre - election Polls and Strategic Voting。American Political Science Review，91(1)，135-147。  new window
29.Fieldhouse, E. A.、Pattie, C. J.、Johnson, R. J.(199607)。Tactical Voting and Party Constituency Campaigning at the 1992 General Election in England。British Journal of Political Science，26(3)，403-439。  new window
30.Lanoue, David J.、Bowler, Shaun(1992)。The Sources of Tactical Voting in British Parliamentary Elections, 1983-1987。Political Behavior，14(2)，141-157。  new window
31.Lijphart, Arend(1990)。The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-1985。American Political Science Review，84(2)，481-496。  new window
32.Mann, Thomas E.、Wolfinger, Raymond E.(198009)。Candidates and Parties in Congressional Elections。American Political Science Review，74(3)，617-632。  new window
33.Niemi, Richard(198412)。The Problem of Strategic Voting under Approval Voting。American Political Science Review，78(4)，952-958。  new window
34.Reed, Steven R.(199007)。Structure and Behavior: Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case。British Journal of Political Science，20(3)，335-356。  new window
35.Shamir, Michal(198503)。Changes in Electoral Systems as 'Interventions': Another Test of Duverger's Hypothesis。European Journal of Political Research，13(1)，1-10。  new window
36.Taagepera, Rein、Bernard, Grofman(198512)。Rethinking Duverger's Law: Predicting the Effective Number of Parties in Plurality and PR Systems - Parties Minus Issues Equals 1。European Journal of Political Research，13(4)，341-352。  new window
37.Jesse, N. G.(1999)。Candidate Success in Multi-Member Districts: An Investigation of Duverger and Cox。Electoral Studies，18(3)，323-340。  new window
會議論文
1.劉義周(2000)。2000年總統選舉棄保策略之分析。2000年選舉研究學術研討會，國立政治大學選舉研究中心（主辦） 。臺北：國立政治大學選舉研究中心。  延伸查詢new window
2.洪永泰(2000)。政治版圖重組：2000年總統選舉的選後評估。2000年選舉研究學術研討會。臺北：國立政治大學選舉研究中心。  延伸查詢new window
3.黃德福、張佑宗(2000)。族群動員、李登輝因素與策略性投票 : 臺灣2000年總統選舉投票行為的分析。「2000年選舉研究」學術研討會。臺北：國立政治大學選舉研究中心。  延伸查詢new window
圖書
1.Heath, A.、Jowell, R.、Curtice, J.、Evans, G.、Field, J.、Witherspoon, S.(1991)。Understanding Political Change: The British Voter 1964-1987。Understanding Political Change: The British Voter 1964-1987。Oxford：Pergamon Press。  new window
2.Cox, Gary W.(1997)。Making Votes Count。Cambridge。  new window
3.Powell, G.(1982)。Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence。Cambridge, MA：Harvard University Press。  new window
4.Katz, Richard S.(1980)。A Theory of Parties and Electoral Systems。Baltimore, Maryland：The Johns Hopkins University Press。  new window
5.Duverger, Maurice、North, Barbara、North, Robert(1954)。Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State。London：University Paperbacks, Methuen。  new window
6.王業立(1998)。比較選舉制度。台北：五南圖書。  延伸查詢new window
7.Lijphard, Arend、Aitkin, Don(1994)。Electoral Systems and Party Systems: A Study of Twenty-seven Democracies, 1945-1990。Oxford University Press。  new window
8.Rae, Douglas W.(1967)。The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws。New Haven：Yale University Press。  new window
9.Downs, Anthony J.(1957)。An Economic Theory of Democracy。New York：Harper and Row。  new window
10.Lijphart, Arend(1984)。Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries。Yale University Press。  new window
11.謝復生(1986)。政黨比例代表制。政黨比例代表制。臺北：理論與政策雜誌社。new window  延伸查詢new window
其他
1.Hsieh, John fuh-Sheng(1991)。The Political Consequences of the Single Non-Transferable Vote: The Care of the Republic of China in Taiwan，0：University of Rochester。  new window
圖書論文
1.Shively, W. Phillips(1980)。The Nature of Party Identification: A Review of Recent Developments。The Electorate Reconsidered。Beverly Hills, CA：Sage。  new window
2.Riker, William H.(1986)。Duverger's Law Revisited。Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences。New York：Agathon Press, Inc.。  new window
3.Evans, Geoffrey(1994)。Tactical Voting and Labour's Prospects。Labour's Last Chance? The 1992 Election and Beyond。Aldershot：Dartmouth。  new window
4.Steed, Machael(1985)。The Constituency。Representatives of the People: Parliamentarians and Constituents in Western Democracies。Aldershot：Gower。  new window
 
 
 
 
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