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題名：受刑人違規行為成因及其對策之研究
作者：林學銘
校院名稱：中央警察大學
系所名稱：犯罪防治研究所
指導教授：林健陽、陳玉書
學位類別：博士
出版日期：2017
主題關鍵詞：受刑人；違規行為；管理適應；壓力適應；社會控制；機會情境；inmate；inmate misconducts；management adaptation；pressure adaptation；social control；situational opportunity
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我國矯正機關面臨超額收容、長刑期受刑人人數增加和人權意識抬頭等議題之挑戰，而受刑人違規現象、發生原因和預防對策漸受關注。本研究整合傳統輸入模式、剝奪模式、情境模式和犯罪學理論，透過受刑人官方違規紀錄與調查資料，客觀呈現受刑人違規特性、時空分布與集中現象，並找出受刑人違規的影響因素，並檢驗相關理論的解釋力。研究分析資料包括2012-2013年間16,090件矯正機關受刑人違規之官方資料，以及2013年法務部矯正署受刑人處遇成效調查中2,238名樣本資料。
研究結果發現，受刑人違規行為以擾亂秩序佔48.4 %為最多，其次為鬥毆打架佔31.6%，再其次為私藏違禁物品佔11.2%；而意圖脫逃以及猥褻、紋身等違規行為則合計僅佔1.4%。根據對數線性分析(LLM)分析結果顯示，不同違規行為態樣之受刑人特性與時空聚合亦有所不同，(1)鬥毆打架以刑期未滿五年受刑人於夏季/秋季日間時段在舍房居多；(2)擾亂秩序以刑期未滿五年之初次違規者日間在舍房發生居多；(3)私藏違禁物品以刑期未滿五年之毒品犯及財產犯最多； (4)違抗管教則以刑期未滿五年之初次違規者於日間時段最常發生。
受刑人之違規行為顯著影響因子包括:年齡、性別、刑期、初犯年齡、入監前收入、濫用藥物經驗、在監執行期間、與家人接見、環境與人際互動壓力感受等，其中在監執行期間對於總體違規行為與各類型違規行為均具有顯著的解釋力。以SEM檢驗違規行為解釋模式亦發現，子女數、初犯年齡、在監執行期間、與家人接見和人際互動壓力對受刑人違規行為具顯著直接影響力，性別透過在監期間、家人接見以及人際互動壓力等因素間接影響違規行為，整體而言以人際互動壓力對違規行為影響力最為顯著。上揭研究發現除與傳統輸入理論和剝奪理論相符外，亦支持犯罪學理論假設，特別是社會控制理論、一般化緊張理論和機會理論。
根據上述研究發現，提出預防和處理受刑人違規行為相關建議，如:入監的新收調查、分類處遇和風險管理等建議策略，以為矯正機關未來政策推動之參考；建立違規行為之長期資料庫，據以持續觀察受刑人違規行為分布與影響因素之變化，提供矯正機關檢視其管理與處遇重點，辯識易發生違規行為之人、事、時、地等熱點，以預防違規行為的發生，進而提升矯正效能。
Correctional institutions have been confronting with the severe challenges of overcrowding, rising population of long sentence prisoners and the awareness of human rights. The issues related to causes of inmate misconducts and the countermeasures are getting more and more attention nowadays. This study integrates the traditional importation, deprivation, situation, and criminology theories. Through the analysis of official records and survey data to objectively present the characteristics of the inmate misconducts, spatial and temporal distribution and to find out the influencing factors, and test the explanatory power of relevant theories. Analysis data includes 16,090 official record samples collected from 2012 to 2013 and 2,238 official sample data from the survey of effectiveness of prisoners’ treatment held in 2013 by Agency of Corrections, Ministry of Justice.
The result shows that disturbing order account for 48.8% of the misconducts which are the most, the next are fighting which account for 31.6%, and followed by contraband hiding of 11.2%. Attempted escape, indecency and tattooing only account for 1.4% in total. According to the result of Log-linear modeling shows (1) Fighting tends to occur with the conjunction of the factors includes inmates with less than 5 year prison term, daytime, summer and autumn, in the cell. (2) Disturbing order tends to occur with the conjunction of the factors includes inmates with less than 5 year prison term and first-time-rule-offender, during daytime, in the cell. (3) Contraband hiding tends to occur with the conjunction of the factors includes inmates with less than 5 year prison term and if they are drug offenders or property offenders. (4) Defying management tends to occur with the conjunction of the factors includes inmates with less than 5 year prison term and if they are first-time-rule-offender, during daytime.
Significantly influencing factors of inmate misconducts includes age, gender, sentence, age of first offense, income status before incarceration, drug abuse experience, the period in prison, visitation, environmental pressure and interpersonal interactions pressure. Among them, the period of incarceration is a significant explanatory factor to the overall misconducts and different types of violations. We also found that age, offspring, the age of first offense, visitation, and interpersonal interactions pressure can directly explain the occurrence of inmate misconducts. And gender can indirectly explain the occurrence of inmate misconducts through the period in prison, visitation, and interpersonal interactions pressure. Overall interpersonal interactions pressure is the most significant influencing factor.
The findings affirmatively confirmed the importation and deprivation theory and are consistent with the criminology theories especially social control, general strain, and situational opportunity theory.
The research suggests reinforcing the investigation and classification procedure and risk management. Furthermore, the establishment of long-term inmate misconducts database is also expected to continuously observe changes in the distribution and influencing factors of misconducts. The database can also help provide individual correctional institution to examine the weaknesses of management and treatment, and to identify the hotspots of misconducts to improve correctional performance.
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