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題名：草圖繪製與思考推理之行為分析 : 以平面設計構想發展為例
書刊名：科技學刊. 人文社會類
作者：盧麗淑 引用關係／管倖生 引用關係
作者(外文)：Lu, Li-shu／Guan, Shing-sheng
出版日期：2011
卷期：20:1
頁次：頁1-15
主題關鍵詞：設計構想；草圖繪製；思考推理；口語分析；平面設計；Conceptual design；Sketching behavior；Thinking reason；Protocol analysis；Graphic design
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設計者在構想發展過程中大致會以草圖方式進行構想繪製、與紀錄，並進行不同的搜尋模式與內容思考。本研究試圖探討此過程中有關平面設計科系學生在草圖構想時的思考模式，主要以文獻分析與口語分析方法，彙整相關理論並蒐集設計者在構想發展時的口語資料，進行編碼及內容分析。研究結果顯示： 1. 平面設計構想發展整體的思考過程現象分析：過程中主要是以繪製圖形 (Ds) 活動、想像型思考 (Im-t) 為主要思考活動內容，並以觀看思考 (St) 作為構想發展，依序發展出觀看思考與其他內在呈現思考內容之互動關係，例如：觀看後會導引出經驗型與案例型、及評估型思考； 2. 平面設計構想初期、中期、與後期的外在草圖繪製行為與內在思考推理之關係分析：在構想前期階段，設計者主要是以草圖繪製外在行為中的觀看思考 (St) 與內在推理思考內容中的想像型思考 (Im-t)與案例型思考 (Ca-t)為主要互動關係，在中、後期階段是無形概念轉化成有形圖形之構想草圖紀錄階段，因此，建議在設計構想的前期階段可多進行案例的參考與想像的概念刺激，以增進設計構想的多元性，而在中、後期階段則可加強設計概念具象化的能力，以完整的紀錄與表達設計的構想；3. 建立「 TR (思考推理 ) ⇔ SB (草圖繪製)」之草圖構想模型：此模型即為草圖繪製外在行為與內在思考推理的互動關係，其中包含了草圖繪製外在行為的三項編碼基模 −記錄文字 (Dt)、觀看思考 (St)、繪製圖形(Ds)，以及內在思考推理的五項編碼基模 −知識型 (Kn-t)、案例型 (Ca-t)、經驗型 (Ex-t)、想像型 (Im-t)、評估型 (Ev-t)，共計兩大構面八個基模類別。本研究的發現並非是最終的結論，而是想藉由探討設計案例之於學生在設計構想時，其草圖繪製行為與思考推理之互動關係，但在構想的創意上並未深入探討，因此後續除了深層意涵探討之外，將針對設計案例與經驗思考對於設計創意的影響性進一步解析。
When developing ideas, designers would create, draw and record the ideas by sketching, thus producing searching models and content thinking. This study aims to probe into the thinking models of students of graphic design during sketching. By literature review and verbal analysis, this study reorganized related theories and researches, collected designers’ verbal data in sketching, and conducted coding and content analysis. The findings are below: 1. phenomenon analysis of overall thinking process in graphic design idea development: in the process, Drawing shapes (Ds) and Imaginary thinking (Im-t) are the main content of thinking activities and Seeing & Thinking (St) is the idea development; interaction between watching thinking and other thinking of internal presentation is developed in order; for instance, after watching, Experiential thinking (Ex-t), Case thinking (Ca-t) and Evaluation thinking (Ev-t) will be developed; 2. relationship analysis of external sketching and internal thinking and reasoning in early, middle and last stages: in early stage of idea development, designers mainly sketch Seeing & Thinking (St) in external behavior and Imaginary thinking (Im-t) and Case thinking (Ca-t) in internal reasoning content; in middle and last stages, intangible concept is transformed into tangible figures by sketching to complete overall design idea; 3. construct “TR (thinking reason) ⇔ SB (sketching Behavior)” sketch model: the model sketches interaction between external behavior and internal thinking and reasoning, including three coding schemas (Dt, St and Gt) of external behavior of sketching and five coding schemas (Knt, Cat, Ext, Imt and Evt) of internal thinking and reasoning. There are a total of two dimensions and eight schemas. The finding of this study is not the final conclusion as it only probes into the relationship between students’ sketching and thinking/reasoning when designing the ideas; however, it does not explore the creativity of the ideas. Therefore, besides further study on the implications, the researcher will explore the influence of design cases and experience on design creativity. These suggestions can support graphic designers’ design conceptualizing, as well as provide a reference for the design courses in the instruction of concept development.
期刊論文
1.陳慧霞、游萬來(20061200)。平面設計過程中使用傳統工具與電腦工具的草圖行為研究。設計學報，11(4)，113-133+135。new window  延伸查詢new window
2.Suwa, M.、Gero, J. S.、Purcell, T.(2000)。Unexpected discoveries and s-inventions of design requirements: important vehicles for a design process。Design Studies，21(6)，539-567。  new window
3.嚴貞、鄭霈絨(20081200)。探究設計師概念構思過程中的搜尋行為特性。科技學刊. 人文社會類，17(3)，209-220。new window  延伸查詢new window
4.Gero, J. S.(1990)。Design Prototype: A Knowledge Representation Schema for Design。AI Magazine，11(4)，26-36。  new window
5.Ho, C. H.(2001)。Some phenomena of problem decomposition strategy for design thinking: differences between novices and expert。Design Studies，22，27-45。  new window
6.Jonson, B.(2005)。Design ideation: the conceptual sketch in the digital age。Design Studies，26，613-624。  new window
7.Kavakli, Manolya(1998)。Structure in idea sketching behavior。Design Studies，19(4)，485-517。  new window
8.Kavakli, M.、Gero, J. S.(2001)。Sketching as mental imagery Processing。Design Studies，22，347-364。  new window
9.Lloyd, P. A.、Scott, P. J.。Discovering the design problem。Design Studies，15，125-140。  new window
10.Cardella, Monica E.、Atman, Cynthia J.、Adams, Robin S.(2005)。Mapping between design activities and external representations for engineering student designers。Design Studies，27(1)，5-24。  new window
11.Purcell, T.、Gero, J. S.(1998)。Drawings and the design proces。Design Studies，19，389-430。  new window
12.Schon, D. A.、Wiggins, G.(1992)。Kind of seeing and their structures in designing。Design Studies，13，135-156。  new window
13.Simon, H. A.(1983)。Search and reasoning in problem solving。Artificial Intelligence，21(1/2)，7-29。  new window
14.Liu, Y. C.、Bligh, T.(2003)。Towards an "Ideal" approach for Concept Generation。Design Studies，24(4)，341-355。  new window
15.Tovey, M.、Porter, S.、Newman, R.(2003)。Sketching, concept development and automotive design。Design Studies，24(2)，135-153。  new window
16.Goldschmidt, Gabriela(1994)。On Visual Design Thinking: The Vis Kids of Architecture。Design Studies，15(2)，158-174。  new window
17.Akin, Ö.、Lin, C.(1995)。Design Protocol data and novel design decision。Design studies，16(2)，211-236。  new window
18.Gero, J. S.、McNeill, T.(1998)。An approach to the analysis of design protocols。Design Studies，19(1)，21-61。  new window
19.Kokotovich, V.、Purcell, A. T.(2000)。Mental synthesis and creativity in design: an experimental examination。Design Studies，21(5)，437-449。  new window
20.Dorst, K.、Dijkhuis, J.(1995)。Comparing paradigms for describing design activity。Design Studies，16(2)，261-274。  new window
21.Verstijnen, I. M.、Leeumen, C.、Goldschmidt, G.、Hamel, R.、Hennessey, J. M.(1998)。Sketching and creative discovery。Design Studies，19(4)，519-546。  new window
22.Suwa, M.、Purcell, T.、Gero, J. S.(1998)。Macroscopic Analysis of Design Processes Based on a Scheme for Coding Designers' Cognitive Actions。Design Studies，19(4)，455-483。  new window
23.Goldschmidt, Gabriela(1991)。The dialectics of sketching。Creativity Research Journal，4(2)，123-143。  new window
24.Bilda, Z.、Gero, J. S.、Purcell, T.(2006)。To Sketch or not to Sketch? That is the Question。Design Studies，27(5)，587-613。  new window
25.Suwa, Masaki、Tversky, Barbara(1997)。What do architects and students perceive in their design sketches? A protocol analysis。Design Studies，18(4)，385-403。  new window
26.Kassarjian, Harold H.(1977)。Content Analysis in Consumer Research。Journal of Consumer Research，4(1)，8-18。  new window
學位論文
1.王聖哲(1994)。建築案例：一種設計資訊描述系統(碩士論文)。國立成功大學，台南。  延伸查詢new window
2.唐玄輝(1997)。設計思考中口語整合編碼系統初探--以工業設計活動為編碼案例(碩士論文)。國立交通大學。  延伸查詢new window
3.Jenmu, W.(1992)。Integrated case-based reasoning for structural design(博士論文)。Stanford University。  new window
圖書
1.Cross, N.(1994)。Engineering design methods, strategy or product design。John Wiley & Sons。  new window
2.Christians, H.、Dorst, K.(1992)。Research in design thinking。Delft：Delft University Press。  new window
3.Miller, G. A.(1960)。Plans and the structure of computer vision。New York：McGraw-Hill。  new window
4.Laseau, P.、邱賢豐(1992)。圖解思考-供建築師和設計師應用。台北：博遠出版社。  延伸查詢new window
5.Goel, Vinod(1995)。Sketches of Thought。Cambridge, Massachusetts：MIT Press。  new window
6.Newell, Allen、Simon, Herbert Alexander(1972)。Human Problem Solving。Prentice-Hall, Inc.。  new window
7.McKim, Robert H.、蔡子瑋(2002)。視覺思考的經驗。臺北市：六合出版社。  延伸查詢new window
8.Schön, Donald A.、夏林清、鄭村棋(2004)。反映的實踐者：專業工作者如何在行動中思考。台北：遠流。  延伸查詢new window
9.楊裕富(1999)。創意思境：視傳設計概論與方法。台北市：田園城市文化。  延伸查詢new window
10.Pugh, S.(1991)。Total Design。Reading, Massachusetts。  new window
11.Maher, M. L.(1995)。Case-based Reasoning in Design。New Jersey：Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.。  new window
12.Rowe, Peter G.(1987)。Design thinking。MIT Press。  new window
13.Ericsson, K. Anders、Simon, Herbert Alexander(1993)。Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data。MIT Press。  new window
14.鄭昭明(1993)。認知心理學：理論與實踐。桂冠圖書股份有限公司。new window  延伸查詢new window
圖書論文
1.Akin, Ö.(1984)。An exploration of the design process。Development in design methodology。New York：Academic Press。  new window
 
 
 
 
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