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題名:台灣與香港長期照顧機構管理者增能歷程之比較研究: 經驗學習理論的應用
作者:盧婧宜
作者(外文):LU, JING-YI
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:成人及繼續教育研究所
指導教授:胡夢鯨
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2018
主題關鍵詞:長期照顧長照機構管理者經驗學習增能歷程long-term carelong-term care agency managersexperiential learningempowerment process
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本研究旨在以經驗學習理論的應用,探討台灣與香港長期照顧機構管理者增能歷程,以及比較兩地管理者增能歷程之異同,進而建構台港兩地機構管理者增能模式。茲就具體研究目的分別為:一、比較台港兩地管理者擔任管理職位的背景與動機;二、比較台港兩地管理者目前工作內容及其所需具備之核心能力;三、比較台港兩地管理者初任管理職、當前主要困境與未來困境,以及因應困境的策略、增能方式及增能結果;四、建構台港兩地長期照顧機構管理者增能模式;五、根據研究結論,提出未來對台港兩地長期照顧機構與政府培育人才,以及未來相關研究之參考。
本研究採用質性研究法,並以半結構式訪談法蒐集資料,進而採用比較研究法,以進行歸納和比較台灣與香港長期照顧機構管理者增能歷程之異同。本研究共訪談16 間台港兩地長期照顧機構管理者。其中,台灣機構管理者共十位,有五間是經政府評鑑為優等的機構,五間是甲等機構,包含四位男性、六位女性,其在目前機構的服務年資為2~18年,平均年資7.1 年。香港機構管理者共六位,有三間是香港老年學會公告獲選為香港安老院舍優質服務全面參與獎機構,三間是持有有效評審認證機構。包含一位男性、五位女性,其在目前機構的服務年資為2~24 年,平均年資9.5 年。本研究結果主要歸納為十項結論,分述如下:
一、台港兩地管理者擔任管理者的動機主要受過去學習、職場經驗及個人信念與家庭等三大因素影響,且這些因素彼此之間可能相互影響,其中個因素中各以相似與相異的原因。
二、台港兩地管理者在機構扮演角色與工作內容大致相同,其中較為不同之處在於台灣管理者重視人才培育和職涯發展,以及機構內外資源的連結;香港管理者注重市場開發與品牌建立。
三、台港兩地管理者在核心職能中,長期照顧職能皆相同,但在高齡者健康老化共通職能、經營管理職能與共同態度方面有所不同,進而本研究依據兩地管理者核心職能結果建立兩地管理者核心職能模型。
(一)兩地管理者核心職能在長期照顧專業職能方面的內涵相同,但在高齡者健康老化共通職能、經營管理職能與共同態度方面有些微差異。
(二)兩地管理者核心職能模型是由七大共同態度、三大高齡者健康老化共通職能、四大長期照顧專業職能與八大經營管理職能所構成的M 型金字塔。
四、台港兩地管理者過去初任管理職在遭遇相似困境中,所採取因應策略皆是透過學習以達個人增能;另兩地管理者在過去所遭遇困境有所差異,因而採取不同因應策略。
(一)個人能力不足與工作中不適應為兩地管理者過去初任管理職的共同困境,且所採取因應策略與增能方式會是透過學習,以個人增能為優先。
(二)兩地管理者在初任管理職所遭遇的困境有所差異,台灣管理者遭遇人事管理、家屬投訴、機構營運及建立制度與模式等困難;香港管理者則是遭遇第一次參與安老院舍評鑑的困難,因而採取不同的因應策略以克服困難。
五、人事管理、機構品質及機構營運與發展為台港兩地管理者現在共同困境,其中在各困境中兩地各有相似與相異之處,但兩地管理者所採取的因應策略則以促進機構整體發展與提升服務品質為主要目標。
六、政策變遷與發展被兩地管理者視為機構的未來困境與挑戰,台港兩地管理者對新政策推動所提出因應策略差異之處在於社區連結與否。
七、台港兩地管理者過去增能方式皆以正規教育、非正規教育與非正式學習為主,藉以提升個人能力;現在增能方式以非正規教育與非正式學習為主,其中較特別之處是台灣管理者還有參與正規教育,藉以達到個人與機構增能。
八、增能結果皆對於台港兩地管理者個人與機構增能產生正向影響,然而台灣管理者比香港管理者重視與社區的連結與社區增能。
九、從過去到現在增能中,增能結果也可能影響台港兩地管理者持續擔任管理者與工作動力,甚至會影響個人未來持續學習與增能的方向。
(一)在增能歷程中,有團隊支持與認同、住民的改變,以及從工作中找到成就感與自我價值是支持兩地管理者持續工作動力;其中較特別的是台灣管理者還將機構永續發展與傳承作為個人使命與持續工作動力。
(二)機構管理與老人照顧相關課程是兩地管理者未來增能的目標,較不同的是台灣管理者想學習團隊增能與人才培育、老人政策與國外長照經驗,及活動帶領課程;香港管理者則是想學習心靈成長類的課程。
十、台港兩地管理者增能模式是由六項要素所構成,且每個要素之間會彼此產生連結,並以經驗學習貫穿管理者增能歷程,同時隨著個人職務升遷或改變形成增能模式與循環歷程。
The purposes of this study were to apply the theories of experiential learning to explore managers’ processes of the empowerment in the context of long-term care agencies in Taiwan and Hong Kong; and to compare the similarities and differences in these two regions, in order to construct a model of empowerment processes of long-term care managers in Taiwan and Hong Kong. Hence, the specific purposes were: 1) to investigate the motivations and backgrounds of the managers from Taiwan and Hong Kong; 2) to compare these managers' current work contents and the core competencies they needed; 3) to compare the initial, current, and future difficulties of managers from Taiwan and Hong Kong as well as explore the coping strategies they used, different ways of empowerment, and the results of empowerment; 4) to construct a model of empowerment processes of managers in the context of long-term care agencies from the two regions; 5) to provide suggestions for the long-term care agencies, government, and future researchers from Taiwan and Hong Kong, based on the results of the study.
This study adopted a qualitative approach and collected data through semi-structure interviews to explore the empowerment process of managers from long-term care agencies. In addition, this research conducted a comparative approach to compare the similarities and differences of the empowerment processes of the managers in the context of long-term care agencies in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The researcher selected 16 interviewees who were the managers of long-term care agencies. There were 10 from Taiwan and 6 from Hong Kong. Among these agencies from the two regions, 5 were rated as ‘excellent’ and 5 were rated as ‘the A-class,’ evaluated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in Taiwan; 3 were rated as ‘excellent’ and 3 of them passed the evaluation of residential aged care accreditation scheme by Hong Kong Association of Gerontology. These interviewees were consisted of 4 males and 6 females in Taiwan, whose seniority were around 2 to 18 years, and the average seniority was 7.1 years; the seniority of 1 male and 5 females from Hong Kong was over 2 to 14 years, and the average seniority was 9.5 years. The results can be summarized ten major conclusions as followings:
1.The motivation of being a manager for these interviewees in Taiwan and Hong Kong was mainly influenced by three factors: previous learning, experiences from workplace, personal beliefs and family in the past. These factors may affect each other; each of their similarities and differences were discovered with several similar and different reasons as discussed in the study.
2.The managers from these two regions played similar roles and had similar working contents in long-term care agencies. However, the main difference is that Taiwanese managers paid more attention to personnel cultivation and career development while emphasizing making connections between the internal and external resources. On the other hand, managers from Hong Kong focused on the development of marketing and branding strategies.
3.In the core competency of managers in these two regions, both of them had the same professional competencies in the context of long-term care agencies, but they differed from the common competencies of elderly healthy aging, managing competencies, and common attitudes in long-term care agencies. Profoundly, this study constructed a model of core competency for managers in these two regions, according to the results of managers’ core competencies.
(1)In the core competency of mangers in these two regions, the interviewees had the same connotation in the long-term care professional competencies, but there were some slight differences in the common competencies of elderly healthy aging, managing competencies, and common attitudes.
(2)The core competency model of managers from the two regions, Taiwan and Hong Kong, was the M shaped pyramid, consisted of seven common attitudes, three common competencies of elderly healthy aging, four long-term care professional competencies, and eight managing competencies.
4.The managers from Taiwan and Hong Kong encountered the same difficulties, when they were initially being managers. They used certain coping strategies through learning to achieve their individual empowerment. In addition, managers from the two regions encountered different difficulties from the past. They adopted different coping strategies.
(1)Having insufficient and incapable working abilities as well as being unaccommodated for their work were the common difficulties of the managers from the two regions, when they were initially being as managers. They adopted certain coping strategies and the ways of empowerment through learning to achieve individual empowerment as a priority.
(2)Regarding the differences of difficulties the mangers from the two regions encountered, the researcher found that Taiwanese mangers encountered some difficulties such as having problems from human resources (HR) management, dealing with customer complaints from all different families and institutional operations, and having difficulties to establish a concrete and reliable managing system. For managers from Hong Kong, the first evaluation was extremely difficult to them. Thus, they applied different problem-solving strategies.
5.The common difficulties between mangers from Taiwan and Hong Kong were mainly in HR management, institutional quality as well as the operation and development of their agencies. These difficulties have some similarities and differences; however, they strived hard to keep the entire agencies well-developed and enhance the quality of services as their primary goals.
6. The estimated difficulties from the future can be dealing with policy change and institutional development. These were regarded as the future predicament and challenge of the institution by the managers from the two regions. In short, the coping strategies managers from the two regions proposed might be different, depending on whether they valued the importance of having connections with their communities or not.
7.In the past, the main empowerment of managers from both Taiwan and Hong Kong was mainly based on formal, non-formal, and informal education, especially for the empowerment of individual capabilities. Currently, non-formal and informal education are major empowerment. Particularly, Taiwanese managers still participated formal education to achieve both individual and institutional empowerment.
8.The outcomes of the empowerment for managers from both Taiwan and Hong Kong have some positive effects; nevertheless, Taiwanese managers still seem to pay more attention to the importance of having connections between communities and community empowerment.
9.When investigating the current and past empowerment of managers from Taiwan and Hong Kong, the researcher noticed that the outcomes from the empowerment could affect their working motivation and even change the directions or objectives of their continuing learning and empowerment.
(1)In the processes of empowerment, team supports and relevant recognition, the changes of inhabitants in the agencies, and finding a sense of achievement and self-worth from work were supported managers in these two regions to extend their work motivation. Remarkably, Taiwanese managers extended their work motivation by developing sustainable agencies as a form of inheritance as their personal missions.
(2)Participating courses regarding institutional management and elderly care-related issues are the future goals of empowerment for managers from both Taiwan and Hong Kong. However, the researcher still noticed some differences from them. For instance, Taiwanese managers would like to choose courses for the team empowerment and staff training, elderly policy and foreign long-term experience, and the application of in-class activities for conducting their courses. In contrast, managers from Hong Kong preferred spiritual courses for mind growth.
10.The empowerment model of long-terms care managers from Taiwan and Hong Kong were consisted of six elements. These elements were interrelated and linked to each other. Experiential learning acted as a key progression through the entire empowering process. At the same time, the empowerment model and a series of cycling processes could be discovered and generated, based on the changes or individual job promotions of interviewees.
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