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題名:憂鬱與自我概念、歸因風格、依附關係、社會支持關係之後設分析
作者:陳淑娟
作者(外文):Shu-Jiuan, Chen
校院名稱:國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱:教育研究所
指導教授:黃瓊蓉
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:後設分析自我概念歸因風格依附關係社會支持憂鬱meta-analysisself-conceptattributional styleattachmentsocial supportdepression
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究包含四個後設分析,第一個研究探討自我概念和憂鬱的整體關聯程度,及其與調節變項的關係,共收錄50篇研究報告,研究發現自我概念和憂鬱的相關係數為大效果量;性別、年齡、出生世代和出版型態與自我概念和憂鬱之相關係數沒有關聯,身分特徵、自我概念測量工具和憂鬱測量工具與自我概念和憂鬱之相關係數有關聯。因為自我概念是憂鬱很強的保護因子,所以家長與學校應該關注個人自我概念;且因為身體不適患者的自我概念和憂鬱有很高的負相關,因此家屬與醫療單位要格外關注身體不適患者的自我概念。
第二個研究在探討歸因風格和憂鬱的整體關聯程度,及其與調節變項的關係,共收錄22篇研究報告,研究發現負向歸因風格和憂鬱有低相關、正向歸因風格和憂鬱介於低度到中度相關;性別、年齡、歸因風格測量工具、出版型態和歸因向度與負向歸因風格和憂鬱之相關係數與正向歸因風格和憂鬱之相關係數無關聯性,憂鬱測量工具與負向歸因風格和憂鬱之相關係數有關聯,但與正向歸因風格和憂鬱之相關係數無關聯。因為個人愈將負向事件歸咎於內在性、穩定性和概括性,則其憂鬱程度愈高,且正向歸因風格愈強則其憂鬱程度愈低,所以學校應該引導個人做適當的歸因,幫助個人瞭解負向事件的領域特定性,並重視正向歸因風格的保護作用。
第三個研究在探討依附關係和憂鬱的整體關聯程度,及其與調節變項的關係,共收錄17篇研究報告,研究發現除了焦慮依附型態和憂鬱沒有相關之外,安全依附型態和憂鬱的相關、逃避依附型態和憂鬱的相關、依附關係品質和憂鬱的相關是中度的;性別、年齡與逃避依附型態和憂鬱之相關係數沒有關聯,依附關係測量工具與逃避依附型態和憂鬱之相關係數有關聯。因為父親依附關係品質和憂鬱的整體關聯性與母親依附關係品質和憂鬱的整體關聯程度並無顯著差異,所以除了強調母親育兒角色的重要性之外,也應該重視父親依附關係對個人心理健康的影響;且照顧者缺乏耐心,可能導致嬰幼兒產生逃避依附型態,而逃避依附型態是憂鬱的中度致病因子,因此應加強親職教育,幫助父母做好育兒的準備。
第四個研究在探討社會支持和憂鬱的整體關聯程度,及其與調節變項的關係,共收錄119篇研究報告,研究發現社會支持和憂鬱有中度相關;性別、年齡、出生世代、身分特徵、社會支持來源、社會支持類型和出版型態與社會支持和憂鬱的相關性沒有關聯,但家庭支持和憂鬱之相關因樣本身分特徵不同而有差異,實質性支持和憂鬱之相關性也和樣本身分特徵有關聯。因為身體不適患者的實質性支持和憂鬱為中度相關,因此應該對身體不適患者提供合適的實質性支持;且成年人的社會支持和憂鬱的相關係數是中度的,因此應該正視成年人的社會支持需求。
This study consists of four meta-analyses. The first study investigated the correlation between self-concept and depression and the effects of moderators on this relation. Fifty studies were identified and found that the mean correlation between self-concept and depression was large. The effects of participant gender, participant age, birth cohort, and publication type on the relation between self-concept and depression were not significant. On the other hand, the effects of sample characteristic, self-concept measure, and depression measure on this relation were significant. Because self-concept is a strong protective factor for depression, parents and teachers should pay attention to individuals’ self-concept. As the correlation between self-concept and depression was strong for patients, family members and medical staffs should pay particular attention to their levels of self-concept.
The second meta-analysis investigated the correlation between attributional style and depression and moderating effects on this relation. Twenty-two studies were identified and found that the mean correlation between negative attributional style and depression was low and that between positive attributional style and depression was frow low to moderate. The effects of participant gender, participant age, attributional style measure, publication type and attributional dimensions on the relation between negative attributional style and depression and on that between positive attributional style and depression were not significant. The effect of depression measure was significan for the relation between negative attributional style and depression but not for the correlation between positive attributional style and depression. The individuals who attributed failures to intrinsic, stable, and general causes were associated with high depression. Conversely, positive attributional style was related to low depression. Consequently, teachers should guide their students in making proper attributions, help students understand the specificity of negative incidents, and emphasize importance of the protective effect of positive attributional style.
The third meta-analysis investigated the correlation between attachment and depression and the moderating effects on this relation. Seventeen studies were identified and found the mean correlation between secure attachement and depression, that between avoidant attachment style and depression, and that between attachment quality and depression were moderate. The mean correlation between anxious attachment style and depression was not significant different from 0. The effects of participant gender and age on the relation avoidant attachment style and depression were not significant. On the other hand, the effect of attachment measure on the relation between avoidant attachment style and depression was significant. As the overall correlation between quality of attachment to father and depression was not significant different from that between quality of attachment to mother and depression, the effect of attachment to father on individual mental health should be not overlooked. As the lack of patience of caregivers may lead to the development of avoidant attachment style, a moderate risk factor for depression, in infants and children, parenting education programs should be provided to assist parents in preparing for child-rearing.
The fourth analysis investigated the correlation between social support and depression and the moderating effects on this relation. One hundred and nineteen studies were identified and the mean correlation between social support and depression was moderate. The effects of participant gender, participant age, birth cohort, sample characteristics, sources of social support, types of social support, and publication type on the relation between social support and depression were not significant. Sample characteristics have a significant effect on the correlation between family support and depression and on that between tangible support and depression. As the correlation between tangible support and depression was moderate for patients, it is necessary to provide patients with adequate tangible support. Since the correlation between social support and depression was moderate, it is necessary to pay attention to the social support needs of the adults.
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