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題名:跨世紀(1991-2001)台灣地區大學生政治態度與行為變遷之研究
作者:鄭宏文
作者(外文):Cheng Hung Wen
校院名稱:中國文化大學
系所名稱:政治學系
指導教授:陳義彥
林忠山
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:政治社會化政治態度political socializationpolitical attitude
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究以政治社會化的研究途徑,同時探討不同時期政治社會化媒介及大學生政治態度與行為的變遷,以及影響政治態度與行為的因素。 研究結果顯示,1991年與2001年的大學生的政治態度與行為有顯著的變遷。
不同時期大學生,在政治態度及行為上各有不同的風貌。相較於2001年的大學生,1991年的大學生有較高的民主價值取向、政治信任感、政治功效意識與政治參與傾向。變遷的情況,也同時反映在政黨認同上。1991年親國民黨的大學生有23.4%,2001年則降到13%;親民進黨則從1991年的8.4%,升到2001年的34.7%。
族群意識是另一個不同風貌的來源。大學生的中國人認同由1991年的38.6%,到2001年降為6.1%;台灣人認同則由1991年的5.2%,升高到2001年的40.1%。
影響的因素中,政治社會化媒介的影響力不一;父親政黨傾向的影響則呈現下降的趨勢,主觀家庭社經地位及學校性質的影響力增強,政治知識則是持續有重要影響。政治態度對政治參與傾向的影響則相對較為穩定。
就長期趨勢而言,下降的民主價值取向等政治態度,可能同時也反應了政治疏離的問題。因此,就此現象推論,新生代公民的民主價值取向等,將會持續下降,政治疏離的問題也將擴大。
本研究所使用資料,1991及2001年係採自「我國大學生政治社會化之研究—十五年來政治價值與態度之變遷」,計畫編號:NSC80-0301-H004-18,計畫主持人為:陳義彥,其它研究參與者為:洪永泰、盛杏湲。「我國大學生政治社會化之研究:二十五年來政治價值與態度之變遷」(NSC 89-2414-H-004-048),計畫主持人為:陳義彥,其他研究參與者為:劉義周、盛杏湲、游清鑫、陳陸輝、鄭夙芬、 張卿卿、洪永泰、鄧毓浩、傅恆德、陳文俊,兩項資料釋出單位為國立政治大學選舉研究中心。作者感謝上述機構及人員提供資料協助。
就長期趨勢而言,下降的民主價值取向等政治態度,可能同時也反應了政治疏離的問題。因此,就此現象推論,新生代公民的民主價值取向等,將會持續下降,政治疏離的問題也將擴大。
In this study, the researcher makes use of the approach of political socialization to discuss not only the changes of the agents of political socialization, but also those of the political attitudes and behaviors of College Students in Taiwan, as well as the factors influencing them. Our findings show that, between 1991 and 2001, the college students’ political attitudes and behaviors have changed remarkably.
Outlooks of the political attitudes and behaviors of the college students of different periods are not alike. In 1991, college students expressed higher democratic value orientation, political trust, political efficiency and the political participation tendency than what students did in 2001. While the changes mentioned above occur, also the college students’ party identity transforms simultaneously. That means, in 1991, the KMT identification was 23.4%, what dropped to 13% in 2001; on the other hand, the DPP identification aroused from 8.4% of 1991 to 34.7% of 2001.
Ethnic consciousness shows another facet of changes. In 1991, the Chinese identity of college student was 38.6%; nevertheless, it reduced to 6.1% in 2001. On the other hand, from 1991 to 2001, the Taiwanese identity has increased from 5.2% to 40.1%.
Regarding the influencing factors, a few concluding remarks could be summarized : The operation of the agents of political socialization shows no consistent influence. Whereas the influence of father’s party identity decreases gradually; on the contrary, the influences of the subjective family socioeconomic status and the nature of school both increase. The influence of political knowledge is always important; nevertheless, the political attitude has a significant impact on political participation.
From a long-term point of view, the decline in democratic value orientation and other changes of political attitude might have reflected a trend of political alienation and lesser engagement. Therefore, we can assume that, if the trend remains unchanged, then the forthcoming adult citizen might possess declining democratic value continually, so that the problem of political alienation might remain even more serious than ever.
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陳陸輝與連偉廷,2008,〈知性、黨性與資訊-台灣民眾政治效能感的分析〉,《台灣民主季刊》,5卷1期(9月),頁121-156。
陳陸輝與黃信豪,2007,〈社會化媒介、在學經驗與台灣大學生的政治功效意識和政治參與〉,《東亞研究》,38卷1期(1月),頁1-48。
陳朝陽,1995,〈學生背景與國小兒童民主政治態度〉,《國民教育研究學報》,1期,頁173-202。
陳義彥,1977,《臺灣地區大學生政治社會化之研究》,台北:國立政治大學政治學研究所博士論文。
____,1978,〈台灣地區大學生政治文化之研究〉,《政治學報》,7期,頁235-296。
____,1979,《台灣地區大學生政治社會化之研究》,台北:作者自印。
____,1985,〈台灣地區大學生政治參與傾向影響因素之探析〉,《國立政治大學學報》,51期(5月),頁77-114。
____,1990,《我國大學生政治社會化之研究-十五年來政治價值與態度之變遷》,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告。
____,1996,〈不同族群政治文化的世代分析〉,《政治學報》,27期(12月),頁83-121。
陳義彥與黃麗秋,1992,《選舉行為與政治發展》,台北:黎明文化事業股份有限公司。
陳學志主譯,2004,《認知心理學》,台北:學富文化事業有限公司。
陳樹鴻,1983,〈台灣意識-黨外民主運動的基石〉,施敏輝編,《台灣意識論戰選集》台北:前衛。
彭芸,1992,《新聞媒介與政治》,台北:黎明文化。
____,2002,〈2001年台灣選民的媒介行為與政治信任〉,《選舉研究》,9卷2期(11月),頁01-36。
彭懷恩,1978,《中華民國大學生政治支持》,台北:臺灣大學政治學研究所碩士論文。
曾俊傑,1994,《臺灣地區專科學生政治社會化之研究》,高雄:中山大學中山學術研究所碩士論文。
隋杜卿,1986,《臺灣地區大學生政治文化類型之研究》,台北:政治大學三民主義研究所碩士論文。
黃秀端,1996,〈政治知識之認知與性別差異〉,《東吳政治學報》,5期,頁27-50。new window
黃秀端、趙湘瓊,1996,〈台灣婦女近十年來政治態度的變遷—民國七十二年至八十一年〉,《問題與研究》,35卷10期,頁71-95。new window
黃信豪,2005,〈臺灣民眾政治功效意識的持續與變遷:政黨輪替前後的分析〉,《選舉研究》,12卷2期,頁111-147。new window
____,2006,〈政治功效意識的行動效果(1998-2003)〉,《台灣民主季刊》,2卷2期〈6月),頁119-158。
黃政傑,1983,《課程改革》,台北:漢文書局。
黃國昌,1995,《中國意識與台灣意識》,台北:五南圖書。
楊孟麗,2003,〈投票意願與經濟不景氣:台灣的情形〉,《選舉研究》,10卷2期(11月),頁159-191。new window
楊國樞,1987,〈「中國結」與「台灣結」總結報告〉,《中國論壇》,25卷1期,頁197-202。
楊婉瑩,2007,〈政治參與的性別差異〉,《選舉研究》,14卷12期(11月),頁53-94。new window
廖添富,1993,〈個人政治功效意識,政治參與態度與家庭社會化變項之關係—樣本取自台北市國中學生〉,《國立台灣師範大學公民訓育學報》,3期,頁105-123。new window
劉玉婷,2004,《兩性在大學時期政治定向與政治行為差異之探討》,台北:政治大學政治研究所碩士論文。
劉義周,1987,〈選民的政黨偏好〉,刊於《轉型期社會中的投票行為-台灣地區選民的科技整合研究〈∥)》,雷飛龍等著,台北:未出版研究報告,頁113-153。
____,1994,〈政治態度的性別差異:男女有別或男女不平等?〉,《政治學報》,23期,頁133-162。
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____,2007,《大眾傳播媒介對大學生政治支持的影響:一項定群追蹤的研究》,台北:政治大學政治研究所博士論文。
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____,1986,《課程發展的基本原理》,高雄:復文書局。
蔣崇禮,2003,《我國大學院校學生菁英政治態度之研究-以桃竹苖地區二十一所大學院校為例》,台北:銘傳大學公共管理與社區發展研究所碩士論文。
蔡璧煌,1994,《學校與學生政治社會化—高中職學生政治社會化的教育社會學分析》,台北:師大書苑。
鄭夙芬,2007,〈「深綠選民」之探索〉,《問題與研究》,46卷1期〈1-3月),頁33-61。new window
鄭夙芬、陳陸輝與劉家薇,2008,〈選舉事件與政治信任:以2004年總統選舉為例〉,《問題與研究》,47卷3期(9月),頁31-70。new window
鄭榮賢,1989,〈國小兒童的民主教育-政治社會化〉,《教師之友》,30卷4期,頁22-23。
謝世忠,1987,《認同的污名:台灣原住民的族群變遷》,台北:自立晚報。
蕭新煌,1987,《台灣命運中國結》,高雄:敦理。
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二、英文書籍及文章
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Aldrich, John H. 1993. “Rational Choice and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science 37(1): 246-278.
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Almond, Gabriel A., and Sidney Verba. 1963. The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Almond, Gabriel A., and G. Bingham Polwell, Jr. 1966. Comparative Politics-System, Process, and Policy, Boston Toronto. Little,Brown and Company.
Andrain, Charles F. 1975. Political Life and Social Change. Boston: Duxbury.
Austin, E. W., and B. E. Pinkleton. 1995. “Positive and Negative Effects of Political Disaffection on the Less Experienced Voter.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 39(2): 215-235.
Balch, George I. 1974. “Multiple Indicators in Survey Research: The Concept ‘Sense of Political Efficacy’.” Political Methodology 1(2): 1-43.
Bandura, Albert. 1977. Social Learning Theory. N. J. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs.
Barnes, Samuel H., Max Kaase, and Klause R. Allerbeck. 1979. Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Barnes, Samuel H., Jennings M. Kent , Ronald Inglehart, and Barbara Farah. 1988. “Party Identification and Party Closeness in Comparative Perspective.” Political Behavior 10(3): 215-231.
Bar-Tal, Daniel., and Leonard Saxe. 1990. “Acquisition of Political Knowledge: A Social-Psychological Analysis.” in Orit Ichilov ed., Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy. Pp.116-133. New York and London: Teacher College, Columbia University.
Barth, Fredriek. 1969. Ethnic Group and Boundaries. Boston:Little Brown.
Beetham, David, S. Bracking, I. Kearton, and S. Weir. 2000. International IDEA Handbook and Democracy Assessment. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Beetham, David. 2007. “Towards a Univeral Framework for Democracy Assessment.” in Michael Saward ed., Democracy, Vol. 2 New York: Routledge.
Bennett, Lance W. 1988. News:The Politics of Illusion. New York: Longman.
Berelsonn, B. R. et al., 1954. Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Berghe, Van Den, and Pierre L. 1975. “Ethnicity and Class in Highland Peru,” in Leo A Despres ed., Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies. P.71-86. The Hague, Paris: Mouton Publications.
Besag, Frank P. 1970. Sociological Perspectives in Education: Models for Analysis. New York: Pitman Publishing Corportation.
Birch, A. H. 1993. The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy. London: Routledge.
Burns N., Schlozman K. and Verba S. 1997. "The Public Consequences of Private Inequality: Family Life and Citizen Participation." APSR 91: 373-389.
Campbell, Angus, Gerald Gurin, and Warren E. Miller. 1954. The Voter Decides. Evanstone: Row Peterson and Company.
Campbell, Angus, Converse Philip E., Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Cappella, J. N., and Jamieson K. H.. 1996. “News Frames, Political System, and Media System.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 546: 71-84.
____. 1997. Spiral of cynicism. New York: Oxford University Press.
Chaffee, Steven H. 1972. “Communication Patterns in the Family: Implications for Adaptability and Change”, paper presented to Speech Communication Association.
Chaffee, Steven H., and Seung- Mock Yang. 1990. ‘‘Communication and Political Socialization.’’ in Orit Ichilov ed., Political Socialization, Citizenship Education, and Democracy. pp.137-157. New York and London: Teacher College, Columbia University.
Chapin, Francis Stuart. 1912. “Variability of the Popular Vote and Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Sociology 18(2): 224-240.
Citrin, Jack. 1974. “Comment: The Political Relevance of Trust in Government.” American Political Science Review 68(3): 973-988.
Citrin, Jack, and Donald Philip Green. 1986. “Presidential Leadership and the Resurgence of Trust in Government.” British Journal of Political science 16(4): 431-453.
Converse, P. E. 1967. “The Concept of a Normal Vote.” in Angus Campbell ed., Elections and the Political Order. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Converse, P. E., and Roy Pierce. 1985. “Measuring Partisanship.” Political Methodology 11: 143-166.
Conway, Margaret M. 1991. Political Participation in the United States. Washington, D. C.: Congressional Quarterly.
Craig, Stephen C. 1979. “Efficacy, Trust, and Political Behavior: An Attempt to Resolve a Lingering Conceptual Dilemma.” American Political Quarterly 7: 225-239.
Curran, James. 1990. “Culturalist Perspectives of News Organizations:A Reappraisal and a Case Study.” in M. Ferguson, Ed., Public Communication: The New Imperatives. London: Sage.
Dahl, Robert A. 1971. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven: Yale University Press.
____. 1998. On Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Dalton, Russell J. 1980. “Reassessing Parental Socialization: Indicator Unreliability Versus Generational Transfer.” The American Political Science Review 74(2): 421-431.
Dawson, Richard E., and Prewitt Kenneth. 1977. Political Socialization: An Analytic Study. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
Dennis, J. 1968. “Major Problems of Political Socialization Research.” Midwest Journal of Political Science 12(1) (February): 85-114.
Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
Duch, Raymond M. 2001. “A Development Model of Heterogeneous Economic Voting in New Democracies.” American Political Science Review 95(4): 895-910.
Easton, David.1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
____. 1975. “A Re-Assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5(4): 435-457.
Easton, David, and Hess Robert D.. 1961. Culture and Social Character. N. Y.: The Free Press.
Easton, David, and Dennis Jack. 1965. A systems Analysis of Political Life. John Wiley & Sons.
____. 1967. “The Childs Acquisition of Regime Norm: Political Efficacy.” American Political Science Review 61(1): 25-38.
____. 1969. Children in the Political System: Origins of Political Legitimacy. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Eckstein, Harry. 1963. ” A Perspective on Comparative Politics, Past and Present,” in H. Eckstein and D. Apter, Comparative Politics. pp.3-32. New York, The Free Press of Glencoe.
Ehman, Lee H. 1980. "The American School in the Political Socialization Process." Review of Educational Research 50(1) (Spring): 99-119.
Erikson, Erik H. 1950. Childhood in Society.New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc.
Feldman, Stanley. 1983. “The Measurement and Meaning of Political Trust.” Political Methodology 9(3): 341-354.
Ferejohn, Hohn A., and Morris P. Fiorina. 1974.“The Paradox of Not Voting: A Decision Theoretic Analysis.” American Political Science Review 68(2): 525-536.
Finkel, Steven E. 1985. “Reciprocal Effects of Participation and Political Efficacy: A Panel Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science 29(4): 891-913.
Froman, Jr. Lewis A. 1961. “Personality and Political Socialization.” Journal of Politics 23: 341-352.
Gamson, William A. 1968. Power and Discontent. Homewood, IL: The Dorsey Press.
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Govier, Trudy. 1997. Social Trust and Human Communities. London: McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Graber, Doris A. 1976. “Effect of Incumbency on Coverage Patterns in 1972 Presidential Campaign.” Journalism Quarterly 53(3): 499-508.
Green, Donald P., and Ian Shapiro. 1994. Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory: A Critique of Applications in Political Science. New Haven: Yale University Press.
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____. 1968. “International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences” The Macmillan Company and the Free Press, Vol.14.
Greenstein, Fred I. 1968.“Political Socialization”, in D. L. Sills(ed.), International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, Vol.14, The Macmillan Company and The Free Press.
Hess, Robert D., and Judith V. Torney. 1967. The Development of Political Attitudes in Children. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
Hetherington, Marc J. 1998. ”The Political Relevance of Political Trust” American Political Science Review 92(4) (December): 791-808.
____. 1999. “The Effect of Political Trust on the Presidential Vote, 1968-96.” American Political Science Review 93(2): 311-326.
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Huntington, Samuel P., and Nelson Joan M.. 1976. No Easy Choice: Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Hyman, H.H. 1959. Political Socialization: A Study in the Psychology of Political Behavior. The Free Press of Glencoe.
Iyengar, Shanto. 1980. “Subjective Political Efficacy as a Measure of Diffuse Support.” Public Opinion Quarterly 44(2): 249-256.
Jamieson, K. 1992. Dirty Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jaros, D. 1973. Socialization to Politics. N.Y.: Prueger Publishers.
Jennings, Kent M. 1998. “Gender and Political Participation in the Chinese Countryside.” Journal of Politics, 60(4):954-73.
Jennings, Kent M., and Niemi Richard G. 1968. “Patterns of Political Learning.” Harvard Educational Review 38(3): 446.
____. 1974. The Political Character of Adolescence: The Influence of Families and Schools. Princeton: NJ: Princeton University Press.
____. 1975. “Continuity and Change in Political Orientation: A Longitudinal Study of Two Generations.” American Political Science Review 69(4): 316-335.
____. 1981. Generations and Politics : A Panel Study of Youth Adults and Their Parents. Princeton: NJ: Princeton University Press.
Johnsonton, Richard. 1992. “Party Identification Measures in the Anglo-American Democracies: A National Survey Experiment.” American Journal of Political Science 36(2)(May): 542-559.
Kavanagh, Dennis. 1983. Political Science and Political Behavior. London Boston: Allen & Unwin.
Kirkpatrick, E. M. 1975. Thirty-Second Politics: Political Advertising in the Eighties. New York: Praeger.
Klapper, Joseph. 1960. The Effects of Mass Communication. I11., Free Press.
Kornberg, Allan, and Harold D. Clarke. 1992. Citizens and Community: Political Support in a Representative Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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Lane, Robert E. 1959. Political Life: Why People Get Involved in Politics. Free Press.
____. 1972. Political Man. New York: The Free Press.
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McCombs, Maxwell E. 1973. Voters Need for Orientation and Use of Mass Media. Montreal: ICA.
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Newton, Kenneth, and Max Kaase. 1998. “What People Expect from the State: Plus ça Change,” in Roger Jowell, John Curtice, Alison Park, Lindsay Brook, Katarina Thomson and Caroline Bryson, eds., British and European Social Attitudes: the 15th Report: How Britain Differs. Pp.39-54. Aldershot, UK, Ashgate.
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____. 1962. Politics, Personality, and Nation Building: Burma’s Search for Identity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
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Thornidike, E. L. 1898. “Animal Intelligence: An Experimental Study of the Associate Processes in Animals.” Psychological Review Monograph Supplement 2(4): 1-8.
Uslaner, Eric M. 1999. “Democracy and Social Capital.” in Mark E. Warren, ed., Democracy and Trust. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 121-150.
Verba, Sidney. 1965. Education and Political Development. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
Verba, Sidney, Kay Lehman Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady. 1995. Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
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Weiner, Myron. 1971. “Political Participation: Crisis of the Political Process,” in Leonard Binder, et al., eds., Crisis and Sequences in Political Development. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press.
Weissberg, Robert. 1974. Political Learning, Political Choice, and Democratic Citizenship. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
____. 1975. “Political Efficacy and Political Illusion.” Journal of Politics 37(2):469-487.
Wilson, Richard W. 1970. Learning to Be Chinese:The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan. Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Wolfinger, Raymond E., and Steven J. Rosenstone. 1980. Who Votes? New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Yinger, J. Milton. 1981. “Toward a Theory of Assimilation and Dissimilation.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 4:249-264.

三、網站搜尋結果
Laza Kekic, “The Economist Intelligence Unit’s index of democracy,” http://a330.g.akamai.net/7/330/25828/20081021195552/graphics.eiu.com/PDF/Democracy%20Index%202008.pdf, 檢視日期:2009年6月9日。
教育部網頁:主要統計表。http://140.111.34.54/statistics/content.aspx?site_conten,檢視日期:2009年3月16日
維基百科,http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0&variant=zh-tw,檢視日期:2009年2月28日。
____, http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5&variant=zh-tw,檢視日期:2009年2月28日。
____,http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Spalding,檢視日期:2009年2月28日。

 
 
 
 
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