自從禮壞樂崩、封建解體，王官學散而為百學，政治與學術分離之後，威權日高的帝王與以道自任的士人，就存在著矛盾與聯合的雙重關係。這樣的雙重關係，分別在帝制中國方興未艾之時，有了兩次重大的表現。導先，是帝王鎮壓士人，政治全面地介入支配學術。其次，是政治獎勵學術，學術引進政治的領域中。兩次的主導者，分別是秦始皇與漢武帝。 為什麼在這帝制中國草創時期，前後兩個王朝相繼地實施儘管內容與形式都不相同，但精神上一致的思想統一政策?換言之，何以兩代的統治者會覺得思想必須統一，而且必須統一在政治力當中?除了從權力運作的角度觀看之外，是否反映了中國古代的歷史傳統中的哪些特質?再者，從士人的角度來看，他們又是如何面對這樣的變局?他們對學術與政治的關涉又抱持著怎樣的主張?他們對於思想必須一統的認知又是如何?這些都是這篇論文嘗試解答的問題。 本文的結論是:從封建中國到帝制中國，在舊秩序未建立的間隙中，思想空前開收，人們說出舊的觀念規範，馳聘異說，時相辯難，創造了中國古代史上最璀燦奔放的思想自由期。在這期間所創造的概念世界，也深刻地規範了此後兩千年的中國社會。但是，在當時不只是統治者厭惡於私學巷議對政治權力的挑戰，諸子百家也多視為「道術分裂」的時代，憂心「道術」之往而不返。 但是，怎樣才能重回「道術為一」的原鄉呢?有人在思想戰場上開火，有人援引政治權力的介入。不管是前者還是後者，卻不曾有人想過可以「繞過政治」的實踐之道。因為「學」與「仕」的分離，既讓志於道的士君子失去了行道的憑藉，也讓貪於利的游士失去了政治與經濟上的利益。因此追求「學」「仕」合一，成了幾乎所有士人共同的心聲。同時，只有「學」與「仕」合一，「學者」所認知的「道」，才有藉由「政治權力」的行使而實踐的可能，也才可能達到「道術為一」的理想境界。 但是，分裂之後的合，只能是以「此一」合「彼一」，永遠不能回到原來渾然如一的整體，思想如此「學」與「仕」的合一亦復如是。而「學」與「仕」的合一，事實上在秦皇、漢武時實現了。帝制中國初期，政治失序和文化秩序開始碰頭了。不再像戰國時

　　　　　 There were some important concepts in Confucian thought such as “Dao/Shin (道/勢)” “scholarship/politics (學術/政治)” “scholar/bureaucracy, teacher/officer (學/官、師/吏)” “Saint/King (聖/王)”. Sometimes they were n opposition, and sometimes they were in unity. Investigating the origin of those conceptual pairs, we can find that they had been in unity conceptually and realistically in Feng-Chien (封建) era, and they splited following the collapse of Feng-Chien system (幫建制度). After the split, the memory of the unity of those concepts got to be an imaginative ideal and to be the symbol of a good old time. Both of the emperors and the scholars expected the reunion in the dawn of Imperial China. Fen-Sku-Keng-Ju (焚書坑儒) by Ch’in-Shin-Huang (秦始皇) and Pa-Ch’u-Pai-Chia Tu-tusn-Ju-Shu (罷黜百家 獨尊儒術) by Han-Wu-Ti (漢武帝) tried to reunite those polarities, the political order and the culture order met each other after separation for hundreds of years. The meeting of scholar and politics gave rise to questions which got to be a great puzzle of Confucian thought in traditional China. Which was priority between scholar and politics? Which was the dominating sector between political order and culture order? How they constructed the connective system from officer to scholar or from scholar to officer? Could we find and effective method to transform a King 9王者) to be a Saint (聖人)?