:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:華人性格與行為關連性的內隱理論
作者:許功餘 引用關係
作者(外文):Kung-Yu Hsu
校院名稱:國立臺灣大學
系所名稱:心理學研究所
指導教授:楊國樞
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2003
主題關鍵詞:內隱理論華人性格連結性基模人際互動人際威脅整體性思維implicit theorychinese personalityassociative schematainterpersonal interactioninterpersonal threatholistic thinking
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(4) 博士論文(2) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:1
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:95
本論文旨在探討華人性格與行為關連性的內隱理論之內涵及這種內隱理論在初識人際互動中的作用。在初識人際互動中,個人可依自己對互動對象之性格的知覺預期對方的行為,並依這種行為預期來調整自己的回應行為。互動者之所以能依據對對方性格的知覺來預測對方的行為,主要是因為互動者內心持有一套「何種性格者會做出何種行為」之假設性的知識系統。此一系統可以稱為互動者所持有之有關性格與行為關連性的內隱理論。此種內隱理論可區分為性格與行為關連性的一般性內隱理論與性格與行為關連性的特殊性內隱理論。第一章首先說明華人性格與行為關連性的內隱理論之意涵與種類,及影響性格與行為間如何連結之因素:對待初識者的人際心態(漠然、排斥、及疑懼等三種人際心態)及華人整體性思維。受到華人對初識者之人際心態的影響,個人會將初識者視為人際威脅的可能來源,並預期初識者做出可能威脅或傷害到個人某些方面的負面行為。另方面,受到華人整體性思維之影響,個人會預期具有正向性格的人也可能會做出具有威脅性的負面行為。也就是說,在個人所持有之性格與行為關連性的內隱理論中,互動對象的威脅性行為可能是主要的內涵。第二章進一步說明初識者可能威脅到個人的四個方面:個人尊嚴、個人利益、互動展開、及任務完成。
第三章主要說明個人的性格與行為關連性的內隱理論之可能的實質內容,及此種內隱理論與個人互動行為之關係。本論文以楊國樞(1999b)研究所得的「精明幹練:愚鈍懦弱」、「勤儉恆毅:懶惰逸樂」、「外向活躍:內向沈靜」、「誠信仁慈:狡詐殘酷」、及「溫順隨和:暴躁易怒」等五項作為主要性格知覺向度。就性格與行為關連性的內隱理論之內容而言,研究者認為,個人預期不同性格的互動對象可能出現的行為中,除了能反映性格的主要屬性之行為外,同時還包括非主要屬性的他類負面行為(受到個人將初識者視為人際威脅的可能來源之影響)。其中「精明幹練:愚鈍懦弱」的主要屬性是與對方的能力有關;「勤儉恆毅:懶惰逸樂」的主要屬性與對方是否勇於任事、盡心盡力做事有關;「外向活躍:內向沈靜」的主要屬性與對方是否樂於與別人建立關係有關;「誠信仁慈:狡詐殘酷」的主要屬性與對方是否關心他人利益與福祉有關;最後,「溫順隨和:暴躁易怒」的主要屬性與對方是否容易與他人相處有關。就個人所持有之性格與行為關連性的內隱理論與其互動行為之關係而言,當個人預期互動對象出現的行為具有消除人際威脅的效果時,個人會做出促進兩人互動之行為;當個人預期互動對象出現的行為具有惡化人際威脅的效果時,個人會做出阻礙兩人互動之行為。具體而言,研究者預測:個人預期「誠信仁慈」的互動對象可能僅出現消除人際威脅的行為,個人所做的主要行為是促進互動之行為;個人預期「精明幹練」、「勤儉恆毅」、「外向活躍」、及「溫順隨和」的互動對象可能同時做出消除與惡化人際威脅的行為,個人所做的行為則包括促進與阻礙互動之行為;個人預期「愚鈍懦弱」、「懶惰逸樂」、「內向沈靜」、「狡詐殘酷」、及「暴躁易怒」的互動對象可能僅做出惡化人際威脅的行為,個人所做的主要行為則是阻礙互動之行為。此外,研究者還進一步預測在不同互動情境中,個人預期互動對象可能出現的行為會有所不同。在工作情境中,個人預期對方出現的行為以消除或惡化任務完成之威脅為主;在社交情境中,個人預期對方出現的行為以消除或惡化互動展開之威脅為主。
本論文以兩個實徵研究來檢驗本論文所提出之理論性預測。研究一以未設定具體互動情境來探討性格與行為關連性的一般性內隱理論之內涵,以及這種內隱理論與個人互動行為之關係。研究結果顯示,(1)就性格與行為關連性的一般性內隱理論之內容而言,在受試者預期十種性格的互動對象所可能做出之行為中,除了性格的主要屬性之行為外,還包括非主要屬性且負面的行為,這樣的結果與本研究的假設相符;(2)就個人的性格與行為關連性的一般性內隱理論與互動行為之關係,受試者預期「誠信仁慈」與「溫順隨和」的互動對象會表現出消除互動展開、任務完成、及個人尊嚴等威脅的行為,受試者對互動對象會做出與互動展開有關、與任務完成有關、與個人尊嚴有關等促進互動之行為。其次,受試者預期「暴躁易怒」、「狡詐殘酷」、「懶惰放縱」、及「愚鈍懦弱」的互動對象會出現惡化互動展開、個人尊嚴或惡化個人利益等威脅的行為,受試者對這四種性格的互動對象做出與互動展開有關、與個人利益有關、及與任務完成有關等阻礙互動之行為。再者,對「精明幹練」、「勤儉恆毅」、「外向活躍」等互動對象,受試者預期這三種互動對象同時會出現消除與惡化人際威脅的行為(如消除任務完成之威脅、消除互動展開之威脅、惡化個人尊嚴之威脅、或惡化互動展開之威脅的行為),受試者會對這三種性格的互動對象做出促進與阻礙互動之行為來回應(如與任務完成有關的促進互動之行為,與互動展開有關的促進及阻礙互動之行為)。最後,對「內向沉靜」的互動對象,受試者預期這種互動對象會出現惡化互動展開之威脅與惡化任務完成之威脅的行為,受試者對之做出與互動展開有關的促進及阻礙互動之行為來回應。
研究二主要探討在不同的互動情境中,個人的性格與行為關連性的特殊性內隱理論之內涵及這種內隱理論與互動行為之關係。主要研究結果有三點:(1)就性格與行為關連性的特殊性內隱理論之內容而言,受試者預期互動對象可能出現的行為向度包括主要屬性與(負面的)非主要屬性等兩類行為。此外,在不同互動情境中,受試者預期不同性格的互動對象可能出現的行為亦有所不同。在工作情境中,受試者對互動對象之行為預期,以完成工作的做事能力或態度為主;在社交情境中,受試者對互動對象之行為預期以對方是否容易相處為主。(2)關於個人的性格與行為關連性的特殊性內隱理論與互動行為之關係,在工作情境中,受試者預期「誠信仁慈」、「勤儉恆毅」、及「外向活躍」的互動對象主要出現消除任務完成之威脅的行為,受試者對互動對象做出與任務完成有關的促進互動之行為。受試者預期「精明幹練」與「溫順隨和」的互動對象同時出現消除任務完成之威脅與惡化人際威脅的行為,受試者對這兩種互動對象做出與任務完成有關的促進互動之行為,及與個人尊嚴有關或與任務完成有關的阻礙互動之行為。其次,受試者預期「愚鈍懦弱」、「懶惰逸樂」、「內向沉靜」、及「暴躁易怒」的互動對象做出的行為,以惡化任務完成之威脅為主,受試者對互動對象做出與任務完成有關的阻礙互動之行為。最後,受試者預期「狡詐殘酷」的互動對象會出現惡化個人利益之威脅與惡化個人尊嚴之威脅的行為,受試者對互動對象做出與任務完成有關、與互動展開有關、及與個人利益有關的阻礙互動之行為。
(3)關於個人的性格與行為關連性之特殊性內隱理論與互動行為間的關係,在社交情境中,受試者預期「誠信仁慈」、「溫順隨和」、及「精明幹練」的互動對象所出現的行為,以消除互動展開之威脅為主,受試者對互動對象做出與互動展開有關的促進互動之行為。再者,就「暴躁易怒」、「內向沉靜」、「愚鈍懦弱」、及「懶惰逸樂」的互動對象,受試者預期這些互動對象出現的行為,以惡化互動展開之威脅為主,受試者對互動對象做出與互動展開有關的阻礙互動之行為。最後,受試者預期「勤儉恆毅」與「外向活躍」的互動對象會出現消除互動展開之威脅與惡化互動展開之威脅(或惡化個人尊嚴之威脅)的行為,這些消除互動展開之威脅的行為與惡化互動展開之威脅的行為,同時影響受試者做出與互動展開有關的促進互動之行為。
在綜合討論中,研究者討論性格與行為關連性的一般性內隱理論及性格與行為關連性的特殊性內隱理論兩者之間的關係,並指出本論文之主要貢獻在提出性格與行為關連性的內隱理論及系統地探討性格知覺與個人互動行為之關係。但本論文以故事情境為工具所蒐集的資料,但並不能直接當成個人在真實互動中所做出的行為。最後,研究者提出未來研究可探討互動雙方的性別與地位(權力或年齡)差異對性格與行為關連性的內隱理論及互動行為之影響、多項性格的知覺對人際互動
一、中文部分
上官子木(2000):《細說中國人》。香港:香港三聯書店。
孔飛力(Kuhn , P. A.),陳兼(譯)(1990/1998):《叫魂:年中國妖術大恐慌》。上海:上海三聯書店。
弗里德曼(Freedman, M.),劉曉春(譯)(1958/2000):《中國東南的宗族組織》。上海:上海人民出版社。
朱瑞玲(1991):〈中國人的社會互動:論面子的問題〉。見楊國樞(主編):《中國人的心理》。台北:桂冠圖書公司。
呂理政(1992):《傳統信仰與現代社會》。台北:里仁。new window
何新(2002):《論中國歷史與國民意識:何新史學論著選集》。北京:時事出版社。
李亦園(1985):〈中國家族與其儀式〉。《中央研究院民族研究所集刊》,59期,頁47-61。
李慶善 (1996):〈知解人心:從諺語看中國人社會認知的特點〉。《本土心理學研究》(台灣),5期,314-333。new window
林士富(1995):《孤魂與鬼雄的世界》。台北:台北縣立文化中心。
周美伶、何友暉(1993):〈從跨文化的觀點分析面子的內涵及期在社會交往中的運作〉。見楊國樞、余安邦(主編)《中國人的心理與行為-理念與方法篇》。台北:桂冠。new window
明恩溥(Smith, A. H.),匡雁鵬(譯)(1899/1998):《中國人的特性》。北京:光明日報出版社。
奚如谷(2003):〈近代中國社會文化中的暴力、恐懼與焦慮,1000-1600〉。國科會研究計畫書。
金耀基(1992):《中國社會與文化》。香港:牛津大學出版社。
麻國慶(1999):《家與中國社會結構》。北京:文物出版社。
佐斌(1997):《中國人的臉與面子》。湖北:華中師範大學出版社。
孫隆基 (1990):《中國文化的深層結構》。台北:唐山出版社。
許烺光(Hsu, F. L. K),黃光國(譯)(1963/2002):《宗族、種姓與社團》。台北:南天書局。
許烺光(Hsu, F. L. K),許隆德(譯)(1981/1988):《中國人與美國人》。台北:巨流。
郭政凱(1993):〈中國古代宗族的伸縮性〉。《史學集刊》(北京),52期,頁1-8。
陳祥水(2000):〈祖先另類特性的個案研究:淺談被公媽「問」到的民間信仰〉。《中央研究院民族研究所集刊》,88期,頁259-273。
彭泗清(2001):〈信任的機制建立:關係運作與法制手段〉。見楊中芳(主編):《中國人的人際關係、情感與信任》。台北:遠流。
彭麥克(1993):《難以捉摸的中國人》。香港:牛津大學出版社。
黃光國著(1988):《中國人的權力遊戲》。台北:巨流圖書公司。new window
黃曬莉(1996):《中國人的人際和諧與衝突:理論建構與實徵研究》。國立台灣大學心理學研究所,博士論文。new window
楊中芳(1993):〈如何深化本土心理學研究〉。《本土心理學研究》(台北),1期,122-183。
楊中芳(1999):〈人際關係與人際情感〉。《本土心理學研究》(台北),12期,105-170。
楊宜音(1998):《『自己人』及其邊界》》。中國社會科學院社會學所博士論文。
楊國樞(1993a):〈中國人的社會取向〉。見楊國樞、余安邦(主編)《中國人的心理與行為-理念與方法篇》。台北:桂冠。new window
楊國樞(1993b):〈我們為什麼要建立中國人的本土心理學〉。《本土心理學研究》(台北),1期,6-88。new window
楊國樞(1997):〈本土契合性與其相關問題的論證〉。《本土心理學研究》(台北),8期,75-120。new window
楊國樞(1999a):〈中國人之基本性格向度、結構、及效應的系統性研究〉國科會特約研究計畫成果報告(NSC 86-2143-H002-026)。台北:台灣大學心理學研究所。
楊國樞(1999b):〈中國人之性格知覺向度的系統性研究〉。未發表論文。台北:台灣大學心理學研究所。
楊懋春(1981):《中外文化與親屬關係》。台北:中央文物供應社。
福山(Francis Fukuyama),李宛蓉(譯)(1995/1998):《誠信:社會德性與繁榮的創造》。台北:立緒。
燕國材 (1993):〈中國傳統文化與中國人的性格〉。見楊國樞、余安邦 (主編):《中國人的心理與行為─理念及方法篇(1992)》。台北:桂冠圖書公司new window
費孝通(1991):《鄉土中國》。香港:香港三聯書店。
二、英文部分:
Albright, L., & Malloy, T. E. (1999). Self-observation of social behavior and metaperception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 726-734.
Albright, L., Malloy, T. E., Dong, Q., Kenny, D.A., Fang, X., & Winquist, L. (1997). Cross-cultural consensus in personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 558-569.
Ambady, N., Bernieir, F.J., & Richeson, J.A. (2000). Toward a histology of social behavior: Judgmental accuracy from thin slices of the behavioral stream. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology(Vol. 32). N.Y.: Academic Press.
Aries, E. (1996). Men and women in interaction: Reconsidering the differences. N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
Aries, E. (1998). Gender differences in interaction: a reexamination. In D.J. Canary, & K. Dindia (Eds.), Sex Differences and Similarities in Communication: Critical essays and empirical investigation of sex and gender in interaction. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Asch, S. E. (1946). Forming impressions of personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 41, 1230-1240.
Axelrod, R. & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 211, 1390-1396.
Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic.
Ayduk, O., May, D., Downey, G., Higgins, E.T. (2003). Tactical differences in coping with rejection sensitivity: The role of prevention pride. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 435-448.
Baldwin, M.W., & Main, K.J. (2001). Social anxiety and the cued activation of relational knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1637-1647.
Baumeister, B.F. (1991). The meaning of life. NY: Guilford Press.
Baumeister, B.F. (1996). Self-regulation and ego threat: Motived cognition, self-deception, and destructive goal setting. In P.M. Gollwitzer, & J.A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior. N.Y.: Gilford Press.
Baumeister, B.F., & Leary, M. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachment as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
Baumeister, R.F., Smart, L., & Boden, J.M. (1996). Relation of threatened egoism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem, Psychological Review, 103, 5-33.
Baumeister, R.F., Heatherton, T.F., & Tice, D.M. (1993). When ego threats lead to self-regulation failure: Negative consequences of high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 141-156.
Beck, L., McCauley, C., Segal, M., & Hershey, L. (1988). Individual differences in prototypicality judgments about trait categories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 286-292.
Berscheid, E., & Reis, H. T. (1998). Attraction and close relationships. In D. T. Gilbert, S T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology(Vol. 2). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Bond, M. H. (1983). Linking person perception dimensions to behavioral intention dimensions: The Chinese connection. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 14, 41-63.
Bond, M.H. & Forgas, J. P. (1984). Linking person perception to behavior intention across cultures: The role of cultural collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 15, 337-352.
Borkenau, P. (1992). Implicit personality theory and the five-factor model. Journal of Personality, 60, 295-327
Brown, J.D., & Dutton, K.A. Truth and consequences: The costs and benefits of accurate self knowledge. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 1288-1296.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1978). Universals in language use. In E. N. Goody(ed.), Questions and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press.
Bruner, J. S., & Tagiuri, R. (1954). The perception of people. In G. Lindzey (Ed.), Handbook of social psychology(Vol. 2). Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley.
Buss, D.M. (1996). Social adaptation and five major factors of personality. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five factor model of personality. N.Y.: Guilford Press.
Buss, D.M. (1999). Evolutionary psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon
Cantor, N. & Mischel, W. (1979). Prototypes in person perception. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 3-52.
Cheung, F.M., & Leung, K.(1998).Indigenous personality measurements: Chinese samples. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 233-248
Cheng, C.Y. (1986). The concept of face and its Confucian roots. Journal of Chinese Philosophy, 13, 329-348.
Cheung, F.M., Leung, K., Fan, R.M., Song, W.S., Zhang, J.X. & Zhang, J. P. (1996). Development of the Chinese personality assessment inventory(CPAI). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 181-199.
Cheung, F.M., Leung, K., Zhang, J. Sun, H., Gan, Y., Song, W., & Dong, X. (2001). Indigenous Chinese personality constructs: Is the five-factor model complete? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 407-433.
Cheung, P. C., Conger, A.J., Hau, K., Lew, W.J.F., & Lau, S. (1992). Development of the multi-trait personality inventory(MTPI): Comparison among four Chinese populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 59, 528-551.
Chiu, C., Hong, Y., & Dweck, C.S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of personality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19-30.
Chiu, C., Dweck, C.S., Tong, J.Y., & Fu, J. H. (1997). Implicit theories and conceptions of morality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 923-940.
Choi, I., Nisbett, R.E., & Norenzayan, A. (1999). Causal attribution across cultures: Variation and universality. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 47-63.
Church, A. T., Katigbak, M.S., & Reyes, J.S. (1998). Further exploration of Filipino personality structure using the lexical approach: Do the big-five or big seven emerge? European Journal of Personality, 12, 249-269.
Cooper, W.H. (1981). Ubiquitous halo. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 218-224.
Cosmides, L. (1989). The logic of social exchange: Has natural selection shaped how human reason? Cognition, 31, 187-276.
Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (1992). Cognitive adaptations for social exchange. In J. Barkow, L. Cosmides, & J Tooby(Eds.), The adapted mind. New York: Oxford University Press.
Creed, A.T., & Funder, D.C. (1998). Social anxiety: From the inside and outside. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 19-33.
De Bruin, E. N., & Van Lange, P. A. M. (1999). Impression formation and cooperative behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 305-328.
De Bruin, E. N., & Van Lange, P. A. M.(2000). What people look for in others: Influences of the perceiver and the perceived on informational selection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 206-219.
DePaulo, B. M., Kenny, D. A., Hoover, C. W., Webb, W., & Oliver, P. (1987). Accuracy of person perception: Do people know what kinds of impressions they convey? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 303-315.
Depret, E.R., & Fiske, S.T. (1999). Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versus threatening groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 461-480.
Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the five factor model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440.
Downey, G., & Feldman, S.I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1327-1343.
Downey, G., Freitas, A.L., Michaelis, B., & Khouri, H. (1998). The self-fullfiling prophecy in close relationships: Rejection sensitivity and rejection by romantic partners. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 545-560.
Dunning, D. (1993). Words to live by: The self and definition of social concepts and categories. In J. Suls(ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self. Hilldale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Dweck, C.S. (1996).Implicit theories as organizers of goals and behavior. In P. M. Gollwitzer, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior. NY: Guilford Press.
Dweck, C.S. (2000). Self-theories. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6, 267-285.
Dweck, C. S., Hong, Y., & Chiu, C. (1995). Implicit theories: Individual differencs in the likelihood and meaning of dispositional inference. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 644-656.
Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social-cognitive approach to motivation and personality. Psychological Review, 95, 256-273.
Dykamn, B.M., Horowitz, L.M., Abramson, L.Y., & Usher, M. (1991). Schematic and situational determinants of depressed and nondepressed students’ interpretation of feedback. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 45-55.
Earley, P.C. (1997). Face, harmony and social structure. NY: Oxford University Press.
Fiske, S. T. (1992). Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition form daguerrotype to laserphoto. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 877-906.
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S.E. (1991). Social cognition. NY: McGraw-Hill.
Funder, D.C. (19997). The personality puzzle. NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
Funder, D. C. (1999). Personality judgment. NY: Academic Press.
Funder, D., & Colivn, C.R. (1988). Friends and strangers: Acquaintanceship, agreement, and the accuracy of personality judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 149-158.
Funder, D., Kolar, D.C., & Blackman, M.C. (1995). Agreement among judges of personality: interpersonal relations, similarity, and acquaintanceship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 656-672.
Funder, D., & West, S. G. (1993). Consensus, self-other agreement, and accuracy in personality judgment: An introduction. Journal of Personality, 61. 457-496.
Gabrenya, W. K., & Hwang K.K. (1996). Chinese social interaction: Harmony and hierarchy on the good earth. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), Handbook of Chinese Psychology. H.K.: Oxford University Press.
Gawronski, B. (2003). Implicational schemata and the correspondence bias: On the diagnostic value of situationally constrained behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1154-1171.
Greenwald, A.G., & Banaji, M.R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotype. Psychological Review, 102, 4-27.
Georgesen, J. C., & Harris, M.J. (2000). The balance of power: Interpersonal consequences of differential power and expectancies. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1239-1257.
Gilbert, D. T. (1998). Ordinary personal. In D. T. Gilbert, S T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology(Vol. 2). NY: McGraw-Hill.
Graziano, W. G., Jensen-Campbell, L. A., & Hair, E. C. (1996). Perceiving interpersonal conflict and reacting to it: The case for agreeableness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 820-835.
Hare, A. P., Hare, S. E., & Koenigs, R. J. (1996). Implicit personality theory, social desirability, and reflected appraisal of self in the context of new field theory (SYMLOG). Small Group Research, 27, 504-531.
Heatherton, T.F., & Voh, K.D. (2000). Interpersonal evaluations following threats to self: Role of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 725-736.
Heider, F. A. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Weily.
Herringer, L. G. & Haws, S. C.(1991). Perception of personality traits in oneself and others. Journal of Psychology. 125, 33-43.
Ho, D.Y.F. (1976). On the concept of face. American Journal of sociology, 13, 20-33.
Hogan, R. (1996). A socioanalytic perspective on the five factor model. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five factor model of personality. N.Y.: Guilford Press.
Holmes, J. G. (2002). Interpersonal expectations as the building blocks of social cognition: An interdependence theory perspective. Personal Relationship, 9, 1-26.
Hong, Y., Chiu, C., Dweck, C.S., Lin, D.M., & Wan, W. (1999). Implicit theories, attributions, and coping: A meaning system approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 588-599.
Hong, Y., Chiu, C., & Dweck, C.S. (1997). Implicit theories and evaluative processes in person cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 296-323.
Hsu, F.L.K. (1971). Under the ancestors’ shadow: Kinship, personality, and social mobility in China. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Hong, Y., Chiu, C., Dweck, C. S., & Sacks, R. (1997). Implicit theories and evaluative processes in person cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 33, 296-323.
Hu, H.C. (1944). The Chinese concepts of “face”. American Anthropologist, 46, 45-64.
Joiner, T.E., Jr., Alfano, M.S., & Metalsky, G.I. (1992). When depression breeds contempt : Reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 101, 165-173.
Joiner, T.E., Jr., & Metalsky, G.I. (1995). A prospective test of an integrative interpersonal theory of depression: A naturalistic study of college roommates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 778-788.new window
Jones, E.E. (1990). Interpersonal perception. NY: W.H. Freeman & Company
Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1981). On the psychology of preferences. Scientific American. , 160-173.
Keith, C.W., & Sedikides, C. (1999). Self-threat magnifies the self-serving bias: A meta-analytic integration. Review of General Psychology, 3, 23-43.
Kelly, G.A. (1955). The psychology of personal construct. New York: Norton.
Kelly, K. M. (2001). Individual differences in reactions to rejection. In M. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kenny, D. A. (1994). Interpersonal perception: A social relation analysis. NY: Guilford Press.
Kenny, D. A., & Acitelli, L.K. (2001). Accuracy and bias in the perception of the partner in a close relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 439-448.
Kenny, D. A., Albright, L., Malloy, T.E., & Kashy, D.A. (1994). Consensus in interpersonal perception: Acquaintance and the Big Five. Psychological Bulletin, 116, 245-258.
Knee, C.R. (1998). Implicit theories of relationships: Assessment and prediction of romantic relationship initiation, coping, and longevity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 360-370.
Knee, C.R., Patrick, H., & Lonsbary, C. (2003). Implicit theories of relationships toward evaluation and cultivation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 41-55.
Lai, W. (1996). Friendship in Confucian China: Classical and late Ming. In O. Leaman (Ed.), Friendship east and west: Philosophical perspective. UK: Curzon.
Leary, M., R. (2001). Toward a conceptualization of interpersonal rejection. In M.R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection. NY: Oxford University Press.
Leary, M. R. & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology(Vol. 32). N.Y.: Academic Press.
Lewinsohn, P.M., Mischel, W., Chaplinm W., Barton, R. (1980). Social competence and depression: The role illusory self-perceptions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 203-212.
Leyen, J., & Fiske, S. (1994).Impression formation: From Recitals to symphonie fantastique. In Devine, P.G., Hamilton, & T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Social cognition: Impact on social psychology. NY: Academic press.
Lin, W., Chia, R. C., & Fnag, L. (2000). Chinese implicit leadership theory. Journal of Social Psychology, 140, 729-740.
Lynch, J.J. (1979). The broken heart: The medical consequences of loneliness. NY: Basic Books.
Marcus, D.K., & Leatherwood, J. (1998). The interpersonal circles at zero acquaintance: A social relations analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 297-313.
Marcus, D.K., & Leatherwood, J. (2002). Are there sex differences in interpersonal perception at zero acquaintance? A social relations analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 190-207.
Mashek, D.J., Aron, A., & Boncimino, M. (2003). Confusions of self with close others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 382-392.
Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R.E. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity off Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 922-934.
McConnell, A. R. (2001). Implicit theories: Consequences for social judgments of individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37,, 215-227.
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T. Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five factor model.. In J. S. Wiggins (Ed.), The five factor model of personality. N.Y.: Guilford Press.
McCrae, R.R., Costa, P.T. Jr., & Yik, M.M. (1996). Universal aspects of Chinese personality structures. In M. H. Bond (Ed.), The Handbook of Chinese psychology. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press.
Moonja, P.K. & Rosenberg, S. (1980). Comparison of two structural models of implicit personality theory. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology. 38, 375-389.
Myers, D. (1992). The pursuit of happiness. NY: William Morrow.
Nisbett, R.E. (1990). Interpersonal perception. NY: W.H. Freeman and Company
Nisbett, R.E. (2003). The geography of thought: How Asians and Westerners think differently…and why. New York: Free Press.
Nisbett, R.E., Peng, K., Choi, I., & Norenzayan, A. (2001). Culture and systems of thought: Holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review, 108, 291-310.
Norenzayan, A., choi, I., & Nisbett, R.E. (1999). Eastern and western perceptions of causality for social behavior: Lay theories about personalities and situations. In D. A. Prentice, & D. T. Miller (Eds.). cultural divides: Understanding and overcoming group conflict. NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
Norenzayan, A., choi, I., & Nisbett, R.E. (2002). Cultural similarities and differences in social inference: Evidence from behavioral predictions and lay theories of behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 109-120.
Operario, D., & Fiske, S.T. (2001). Effects of trait dominance on powerholders’ judgments of subordinates. Social Cognition, 19, 161-180.
Paulhus, D. L.,& Reynolds, S. (1995). Enhancing target variance in personality impressions: Highlighting the person in person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1233-1242.
Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. In W. Stroebe , & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 1, pp33-60). N.Y. : Wiley.
Peng, K., & Nisbett, R.E. (1999). Culture, dialectics, and reasoning. American Psychologist, 54, 741-754.
Pinker, S. (1999). How the mind works. NY: W.WW. Norton & Company.
Puccio, G.J., Chimento, M.D. (2001). Implicit theories of creativity: Laypersons’ perceptions of the creativity of adaptors and innovators. Perceptual and Motor Skill, 92, 675-681.
Reeder, G.D. (1997). Dispositional inferences of ability: Content and process. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 171-189.
Reeder, G.D., & Brewer, M.B. (1979). A schematic model of dispositional attribution in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review, 86, 61-79.
Reeder, G.D., & Spores, J.M. (1983). The attribution of morality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 736-745.
Redding, s.G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. NY: Walter de Gruyter.
Rosenberg, S., & Sedlak, A. (1972). Structural representations of implicit personality theory. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 235-297.
Rosenberg, S., Nelson, C., & Viveanathan, P.S. (1968). A multidimensional approach to the structure of personality impressions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 283-294.
Sedikides, C. (1993). Assessment, enhancement, and verification determinants of the self-evaluation process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 317-338.
Sedikides, C., & Anderson, C. A. (1994). Causal perceptions of intertrait relations: The Glue that holds person types together. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 294-302.
Sedikides, C., & Strude, M.J. (1997). Self-evaluation: To thine own self be good, or thine own self be true, to thine own self be better.In M. P. Zanna(Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. NY: Academic Press.
Segrin, C., & Abramson, L.Y. (1994). Negative reactions to depressive behaviors: A communication theories analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 655-668.
Segrin, C., & Dillard, J.P. (1992). The interactional theory of depression: A meta-analysis of the research literature. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 43-70.
Sommer, K.L., & Baumeister, B.F. (2002). Self-evaluation, persistence, and performance following implicit rejection: The role of trait self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 926-938.
Stevens, L. E., & Fiske, S. T. (2000). Motivated impressions of a powerholder: Accuracy under task dependency and misperception under evaluation dependency. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 907-922.
Tata, J. (2000). Implicit theories of account-giving: Influence of culture and gender. International Journal of intercultural Relations, 24, 437-454.
Tooby, J, & Cosmides, L. (1996). Friendship and the banker’s paradox: Other pathways to the evolution of adaptations for altruism. Proceedings of the British Academy, 88, 119-143.
Trivers, R. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
Voh, K. D., & Heatherton, T. F. (2001). Self=-esteem and threat to self: Implications for self-construals and interpersonal perceptions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 1103-1118.
Vonk, R. (1993). Individual differences and common dimensions in implicit personality theory. British Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 209-226.
Vonk, R.(1999a). Differential evaluations of likeable and dislikeable behaviours enacted towards superiors and subordinates. European Journal of Social Psychology. 29, 139-146.
Vonk, R. (1999b). Impression formation and impression management: Motives, traits, and likeability inferred from self-promoting and self-deprecating behavior. Social Cognition, 17, 390-412.
Vonk, R., & Heise, W. J. (1991). Implicit personality theory and social judgement: Effects of familiarity with a target person. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 69-81.
Watson, D. (1989). Stranger’s ratings of the five robust personality factors: Evidence of a surprising convergence with self-report. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 120-128.
Wegner, D. M., & Vallacher, R.(1977). Implicit psychology: An introduction to social cognition. NY: Oxford University Press.
Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. NJ: Princeton University Press.
Wojciszke, B. (1994). Multiple meanings of behaviors: Construing actions in terms of competence or morality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 222-232.
Wojciszke, B., Bazinska, R., & Jaworski, M. (1998). On the dominance of moral categories in impression formation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,
Wojciszke, B., Bryycz, H., & Borkenau, P. (1993). Effects of information content and evaluative extremity on positivity and negativity biases. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 327-3335
Wolf, A. P. (1974). Gods, ghosts, and ancestors. In A. P. Wolf (Ed.), Religion and ritual in Chinese society. CA: Stanford university Press.
Wyer. R. S. Jr. & Gruenfeld, D. H. (1995). Information processing in interpersonal communication. In D. E. Hewes (Ed.), The cognitive bases of interpersonal communication. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wyer. R. S. Jr. & Lambert, A. J. (1994).The role of trait constructs inn person perception: A historical perspective. In Devine, P.G., Hamilton, & T. M. Ostrom (Eds.), Social cognition: Impact on social psychology. NY: Academic press.
Yang, K.S. (1999). Monocultural and cross-cultural indigenous approaches: The royal road to the development of a balanced global psychology. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 241-264.
Yang, K.S. (2001). Indigenous personality research: The Chinese case. In International Workshop on Scientific Advances in Indigenous Psychologies: Philosophical, Cultural, and Empirical Contributions. Taipei, Taiwan: Institute of Ethnology, Academia Sinica.
Yang, K.S., & Bond, M.H. (1990). Exploring implicit personality theories with indigenous or imported constructs: The Chinese case. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 1087-1095.
Ybarra, O. (2002). Naïve causal understanding of valenced behaviors and its implications for social information processing. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 421
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
無相關點閱
 
QR Code
QRCODE