參考文獻
一、中文部分
內政部社會司 (2004)。87~93 年老人福利服務成果。2009 年 5 月 26 日，取自 http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/04/07/統計處-93 下統計報表-老人福利.xls
王晶譯（2000）。Petet G. Peterson 著。老年潮。台北：聯經。
朱倩儀（2003）。智慧的研究取向及其對高齡者智慧發展的啟示。成人教育，73，20-32。
朱倩儀（2005）。成人學習者思考風格與創造力之相關研究。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所博士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
何怡慧（2003）。大學生思考風格量表修訂及其相關因素之研究。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
吳佳玲（2006）。大學生生活經驗與思考風格之相關研究。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
吳明隆（2004）。SPSS 統計應用學習實務：問卷分析與應用統計。台北：知城。
吳曉瑜（2006）。女性志工之人格特質、投入程度與幸福感關係之探討─以中南部慈濟志工為例。大葉大學休閒事業管理學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
李彥儀（1990）。台北市國民中學導師人格特質、領導行為對班級氣氛之影響研究。國立政治大學教育研究所碩士學位論文，未出版，台北市。李隆煇（2005）。國小學童父母的人格特質、價值觀、工作滿足感與兩性平權概念的相關研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所，未出版，嘉義市。
李穎純（1999）。花蓮縣國小學童思考風格及其影響因素之研究。國立花蓮師院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，花蓮縣。
阮鵬宇（2007）。老人大學學習動機與學習滿意度之研究－以彰化縣政府老人大學為例。私立大葉大學工業工程與科技管理學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
周玉霜（2001）。國中教師與學生思考風格及其教學互動之關係。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
周惠莉（2003）。五大人格特質、性別角色與轉換型領導關聯性之研究。中原大學企業管理學系碩士學位論文，未出版，桃園縣。
林定蔚（2008）。教育部教學卓越獎教師人格特質與創新教學關係之研究。國立台北教育大學教育事業創新經營碩士學位在職進修專班碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
林美鳳（2004）。高中生的人格特質、成就動機與社會適應相關之研究。國立嘉義大學家庭教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義市。
林能白、丘宏昌（1999）。服務品質之研究：服務人員人格特質之影響分析。應用與管理學報，16（2），175-192。林麗惠（2000）。原住民與非原住民學童的認知風格、推理表現與問題解決表現之相關研究：以桃園縣平地國小學童為例。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。
林麗惠（2001）。高齡者參與學習活動與生活滿意度關係之研究。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所博士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。邱秀坊（2005）。老人社會大學學員學習滿意度之調查研究-以台北地區為例。生活應用科學研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
邱皓政（2000）。量化研究與統計分析：SPSS 中文視窗版資料分析範例解析。台北：五南。
姚諺蓉（2007）。國小教師人格特質與組織文化對留任意願之研究：以新竹縣私立高中職為例。國立東華大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，花蓮縣。
洪光遠、鄭慧玲譯（1995）。Lawrence A. Pervin著。人格心理學。台北：桂冠。
洪雅雯（2001）。學童之人格特質、同儕接納程度與班級氣氛知覺關係之研究。國立屏東師範學院國民教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，屏東縣。
洪靜惠（2005）。高雄縣市國民中學專任行政人員人格特質、工作壓力與工作績效關係之研究。國立高雄師範大學成人教育研究所文教行政人員在職專班碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
洪蘭譯（1999）。Robert J. Sternberg & Todd I. Lubart著。不同凡想：教育界、產業界的創造力開發。台北：遠流。
徐明榮（2006）。國小教師思考風格、教學風格與學生思考風格之研究。國立新竹教育大學教育心理與諮商學系碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。
翁秋玲（1999）。高中教師與學生思考風格及其教學互動之關係。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
莊耀嘉、李雯娣（2001）。兒童性格結構：五大模型的本土化檢驗。中華心理學刊，43(1)，65-82。張明麗（2000）。幼兒教師人格特質與生命態度之研究。幼兒教育年刊，12，159-188。張春興（1989）。張氏心理學。台北：東華。
張春興（2000）。心理學。台北：東華。
張淑玲（2005）。高中學生思考風格、教室目標結構、學習策略與學業成就之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，彰化市。
教育部（2006）。老人教育政策白皮書。台北：教育部。
陳正文、車先蕙、李璨如、帥文慧、劉南琦等譯（1997）。Duane Schultz & Sydney Ellen Schultz著。人格理論。台北：揚智。
陳侑汶（1990）。美貌刻板印象與人格特質的社會好惡度使用頻率的關係。中原大學心理學研究所碩士論文，未出版，桃園縣。
陳明蕾（2004a）。智慧的發展與學習。載於黃富順(主編) ，高齡學習(頁133-156)。台北：五南。
陳明蕾（2004b）。心理老化與學習。載於黃富順(主編) ，高齡學習(頁159-175)。台北：五南。
陳昭儀（2000）。傑出理化科學家之人格特質及創造歷程之研究。師大學報（科學教育類），45，27-45。
陳清美 (2000)。高齡學習者對學習環境偏好之研究。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
陳炳煌（2002）。學習單、思考風格及自我概念與國小高年級學童科技創造力之關係。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
陳雅文（2000）。國小教師與學生思考風格及其教學互動之關係。國立中山大學教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
陳義勝（1981）。企業主持人人格、組織結構與組織效果之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文，未出版，台北市。陳韻羽（2003）。高中職校教師思考風格與班級氣氛之研究。國立台灣科技大學技術及職業教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
陸洛、吳珮瑀、施建彬、高旭繁、翁崇修、陳欣宏譯（2006）。Duane Schultz & Sydney Ellen Schultz著。人格理論。台北：湯姆生。
彭偉峰（2004）。國小高年級學童人格特質父母管教方式對生活壓力影響之研究－以中部地區為例。國立台中師範學院諮商與教育心理研究所碩士論文，未出版，台中市。
游龍（2004）。國軍醫護主管內部學習與工作壓力及人格特質對工作績效影響之研究— 以三軍總醫院為例。大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
隋復華（2003）。認知老化及其對高齡學習的啟示。成人教育，73，2-12。
黃月桂（2001）。我國服務業女性經理人領導才能與人格特質內涵之研究。國立彰化師範大學商業教育學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
黃挺毅（2003）。國小兒童偏差行為與人格特質相關之研究。國立花蓮師範學院輔導碩士班碩士論文，未出版，花蓮縣。
黃堅厚（1999）。人格心理學。台北：心理。
黃淑青（2002）。我國高級職業學校工業類科教師人格特質與班級經營風格之相關研究 。彰化師範大學工業教育學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
黃富順（2000）。成人教育導論。台北：五南。
黃富順(主編) （2004）。高齡學習。台北︰五南。黃惠莉（2004）。五大人格特質、性別角色與轉換型領導關聯性之研究。中原大學企業管理學系碩士論文，未出版，桃園縣。
黃彩霖（2003）。醫院行政人員的人格特質、工作壓力、工作投入、專業承諾及工作績效之相關性研究。南華大學管理研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
黃晴逸（2004）。國小學童思考風格量表之編制及其與創造力之相關研究。國立新竹師範學院國民教育研究所輔導教學碩士班碩士論文，未出版，新竹市。
馮美珠（2008）。國小教師人格特質、生活壓力、因應策略與憂鬱傾向之相關研究。國立屏東教育大學教育心理與輔導學系碩士論文，未出版，屏東市。
楊世英（2002）。台灣華人在日常生活中所展現的智慧。泛華心理學者的切磋與交流（第四屆華人心理學家學術研討會暨第六屆華人心理與行為科技學術研討會論文集）。台北：中央研究院民族所。
楊世英（2005）。當創造與智慧相遇：台灣華人文化中創造力與智慧的關係。教育資料集刊，30，47-74。楊世英、張鈿富、楊振昇（2006）。智慧與領導的關係：探究透過領導展現的智慧。教育政策論壇，9（4），119-150。楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園 (1978)。社會及行為科學研究法（下冊）。台北：東華。楊國樞、葉光輝、黃囇莉(1989)。孝道的社會態度與行為：理論與測量。中央研究院民族學研究所集刊，65，171-227。
葉青雅（2004）。國小教師人格特質、人際關係和寬恕態度三者相互關係之研究。國立新竹師範學院進修暨推廣部教師在職進修國民教育研究所輔導教學碩士論文。
葉怡伶（2008）。高齡者人格特質與電腦焦慮關係之研究－以中部五縣市為例。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
裘友善、高淑芳、王振世、吳錦釵（2003）。大專版思考風格量表，未出版，新竹市。
劉世南、郭誌光（2001）。創造力與智慧的關係。資優教育季刊，80，16-21。
劉靜軒（2005）。高齡學習者智慧與生活滿意度相關之研究。國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，嘉義縣。
樂國安、韓威、周靜譯（2007）。K. W. Schaie & S. L. Willis著。成人發展與老化。台北：五南。
蔣淑慧（2006）。不同思考風格學童的科學思考能力比較之研究。國立台北教育大學自然科學教育學系碩士論文，未出版，台北市。
蔡長清（1997）。退休老人休閒參與及類型與生活滿意度之關係。高雄應用科技大學學報，31，183-220。蔡順良（2008）。特質論及五大因素。2008年11月15日，取自 http://www.epc.ntnu.edu.tw/epcweb/
鄭志隆（2008）。屏東縣國民小學校長人格特質與學校創新經營關係之研究。國立屏東教育大學教育行政研究所碩士論文，未出版，屏東縣。
鄭英耀、桂慶中、翁秋玲、葉明芬、陳雅文（2000）。高中學生思考風格研究：台灣與香港的比較。社會科學季刊，2(3)，97-112。
盧宸緯（2008）。智慧的心理學研究及其對成人教育的啟示。成人及終身教育學刊，10，113-140。薛秀宜、陳利銘、洪佩圓（2006）。人格理論新紀元：人格五因素模式之測驗工具與其研究應用，研習資訊，23（1），109-118。
謝承哲（2007）。海內外不動產投資信託基金投資人之人格特質、風險態度、理財認知、理財行為與理財滿意度之關聯性研究。大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
鍾銘原（2003）。思考風格對非同步學習網路中合作學習之影響。國立高雄師範大學工業科技教育研究所碩士論文，未出版，高雄市。
韓繼成（2002）。國民中學訓導人員角色壓力、人格特質與工作滿意度的關係之研究。國立彰化師範大學教育研究所學校行政碩士班碩士論文，未出版，彰化縣。
魏美惠（2005）。智力與智慧的比較研究。資優教育，94，29-36。
蘇淑麗（2005）。不同世代國小教師人格特質與工作價值之相關研究。國立花蓮師範學院輔導研究所碩士論文，未出版，花蓮縣。
二、英文部分
Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: A psychological interpretation. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Allport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Allport, G. W., Vernon, P. E., & Lindzey, G. (1960). A study of values(3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mufflin.
Ardelt, M. (1994). Wisdom in the later years: A life course approach to successful aging. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina.
Ardelt, M. (1997). Wisdom and life satisfaction in old age. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Science, 52B, 15-27.
Ardelt, M. (2000a). Intellectual versus wisdom-related knowledge: The case for a different kind of learning in the later years of life. Educational Gerontology: An international Journal of Research and Practice, 26, 771-789.
Ardelt, M. (2000b). Antecendents and effects of wisdom in old age: A longitudinal perspective on aging well. Research on Aging, 22, 360-394.
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on aging, 25(3), 275-324.
Ardelt, M. (2004). Wisdom as expert knowledge system: A critical review of a contemporary operationalization of an ancient concept. Human Development, 47, 257-285.
Arlin, P. K. (1990). Wisdom: The art of problem finding. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, orinigs, and development(pp.230-243). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of lifespan developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611-626.
Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (1990). Toward a psychology of wisdom and its ontogenesis. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 87-120). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (1993). The search for a psychology of wisdom. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2, 75-80.
Baltes, P. B., & Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122-136.
Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., Maercker, A., & Smith, J. (1995). People nominated as wise: A comparative study of wisdom-related knowledge. Psychology and Aging, 10, 155-166.
Barrio, V. D., Aluja, A., & Garcia, L. F. (2004). Relationship between empathy and big-five Personality traits in a sample of Spanish adolescences. Social Behavior and Personality, 32(7), 667-682.
Bassett, C. L. (2006). Laughing at gilded butterflies: Integrating wisdom, development, and learning. Handbook of adult development and learning. Oxford University Press.
Birren, J. E., & Fisher, L. M. (1990). The element of wisdom: Overview and integration. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins and development (pp.317-332). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Birren, J. E., & Svensson, C. M. (2005). Wisdom in history. In R. J. Sternberg & J. Jordan(Eds.), A Handbook of Wisdom: Psychological perspectives( pp.3-31). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Botwin, M. D., & Buss, D. M. (1989). Structure of act-report data: Is the five-factor model of personality recaptured? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(6), 988-1001.
Buss, A. H. (1989). Personality as traits. American Psychologist, 44, 1378-1388.
Buss. A. H. & Plomin, R. A. (1984). Temperament: Early developingpers-onality traits. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
Caprara, G. V., Caprara, M., & Steca, P. (2003). Personality’s correlates of adult development and aging. European Psychologist, 8, 131-147.
Cattell, R. B. (1943). The description of personality: Basic trait into clusters. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 476-506.
Cavanaugh, J. C., & Blanchard-Fields, F. (2002). Adult development and aging. (Fourth Edition). Wadsworth, Thomson Learning.
Chandler, M. J., & Holliday, S. (1986). Wisdom: Explorations in adult competence. In J. Meacham(Ed.), Contributions to human development(pp. 1-96). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.
Chandler, M. J., & Holliday, S. (1990). Wisdom in a postapocalyptic age. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp.121-141). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Clayton, V. P. (1982). Wisdom and intelligence: The nature and function of knowledge in later years. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 15(4), 315-321.
Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life-span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes and O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-Span Development and Behavior (pp. 103-135). New York: Academic Press.
Coleman, P. G., & O’Hanlon, A. (2004). Research on developmental concepts of ageing. In P. G. Coleman and A. O’Hanlon.(Eds.), Ageing and Development: Theories and Research (pp. 45-80). NewYork: Oxford University Press.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1987).Validation of the five factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality＆Social Psychology, 52, 81-90.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory(NEO-PI-R) and NEO Five-Factor Inventory(NEO-FFI)professional manual. Odessa FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1994). Set like plaster? Evidence for the stability of adult personality. In T. F. Heatherton & J. L. Weinberger(Eds.), Can personality change? Washington, D. C.: Academic Psychological Association.
Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1997). Longitudinal stability of adult personality. In R. Hogan, J. Johnson, & S. Briggs(Eds.), Handbook of personality psychology(pp. 269-290). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Costa, P. T. Jr., Herbst, J. H., McCrae, R. R., & Siegler, I. C. (2000). Personality at midlife: Stability, intrinsic maturation, and response to life events. Assessment, 7, 365-378.
Costa, P. T. Jr., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331.
Craft, A. (2006). Fostering creativity with wisdom. Cambridge Journal of Education, 36(3), 337-350.
Davis, D. S., & Schwimmer, P. C. (1981). Relational thinking styles: Learning to see the forest and the trees. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 14(8), 449-451.
Dittmann-Kohli, F., Baltes, P. B. (1990). Toward a neofunctionalist conception of adult intellectual development: Wisdom as a prototypical case of intellectual growth. In C. Alexander & E. Langer(Eds.), Beyond formal operations: Alternative endpoints to human development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Ehrler, D. J., Gary, E. J., & Mcghee, R. L. (1999). Extending big-five theory into childhood: A preliminary investigation into the relationship between big-five personality traits and behavior problems in children. Psychology in the Schools, 36(6), 451-458.
Eysenck, H. J. (1978). The development of personality and its relation to learning. In Murray-Smith, S. (ed.), Melbourne Studies in Education. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, M. W. (1985). Personality and individual differences: A natural science approach. New York: Plenum.
Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116 (3), 429-456.
Floderus-Myrhed, B., Pedersen, N., & Rasmuson, I. (1980). Assessment of heritability for personality, based on a short form of the Eysenck personality inventory: A study of 12,898 twin pairs. Behavior Genetics, 10, 153-162.
Gray, J. A. (1990). A critique of Eysenck’s theory of personality. In H. J. Eysenck(Ed.), A model for personality(2nd ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Gridley, M. C. (2007). Differences in thinking styles of artists and engineers. The Career Development Quarterly, 56(2), 177-182.
Grigorenko, E. L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Styles of thinking, abilities, and academic performance. Exceptional Children, 63, 295–312.
Grigorenko, E. L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1993a). Set of thinking styles tasks for students, unpublished test, Yale University.
Grigorenko, E. L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1993b). Students’ thinking styles evaluated by teachers, unpublished test, Yale University.
Grigorenko, E. L., & Sternberg, R. J. (1993c). Thinking styles questionnaire for teachers, unpublished test, Yale University.
Hall, C. S., Lindzey, G., & Campbell, J. B. (1998). Theories of Personality(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Hayes, N., & Joseph, S. (2003). Big five correlates of three measures of subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 34(4), 723-727.
Holliday, S. (1986). A psychological analysis of the concept of wisdom. Unpulished doctoral dissertation. The University of British Columbia.
Huntley, C. W., & Davis, F. (1983). Undergraduate study of value scores as predictors of occupation twenty-five years later. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1148-1155.
Igier, V., & Mullet, E. (2003). Application of the five-factor model of personality to integenerational perception. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 177-186.
Isaacowitz, D. M., Vaillant, G. E., & Martin E. P. S. (2003). Strengths and
satisfaction across the adult lifespan. Aging and human development, 57(2), 181-201.
Jason, L. A., Reichler, A., King, C., Madsen, D., Camacho, J., & Marchese, W. (2001). The measurement of wisdom: A preliminary effort. Journal of community psychology, 29(5), 585-598.
Jarvis, P. (2001). Learning in Laterlife. London: Kogan Page.
Kaufman, J. C. (2002). Narrative and paradigmatic thinking styles in creative writing and journalism students. Journal of Creative Behavior, 36(3), 201-219.
Kurdek, L. A. (2002). On being insecure about the assessment of attachment style. Journal of Social & Personality Relationships, 19(6), 811-835.
Lamdin, L., & Fugate, M. (1997). Elder learning: New frontier in an aging society. Az: The Oryx Press.
Kaufman, J. C.（2002）. Thinking style in creative writer and journalists. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Le, T. N. (2008). Cultural values, life experience, and wisdom. Aging Human Development, 66(4), 259-281.
Lemme, B. H. (2002). Development in adulthood. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Levitt, H. M. (1999). The development of wisdom: An analysis of Tibetan Buddhist experience. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(2), 86-105.
Loehlin, J. C., & Nichols, R. C. (1976). Heredity, environment, and personality: A study of 850 sets of twins. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Lounsbury, J. W. & Loveland, J. M. (2003). An investigation of psychological sense of community in relation of big five personality traits. Journal of Community Psychology, 31(5), 531–541.
Lyster, T. L. (1996). A nomination approach to the study of wisdom in old age. Unpulished doctoral dissertation. Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
McAdams, D. P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1998). Generativity and adult development: How and why we care for the next generation. Washington, DC: American Psychology Association.
McCrae, R. R. (2002). The maturation of personality psychology: Adult personality development and psychological well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 36, 307-317.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor
theory perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2005). Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1999). A five-factor theory of personality. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research(pp. 139-153). New York: Guilford.
McCrae, R. R., & John, O. P. (1992). An introduction to the five-factor model and its application. Journal of Personality, 60(2), 175-215.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hrebickova, M.,
Avia, M. D., et al. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 173-186.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., de Lima, M. P., Simoes, A., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Marusic, I., Bratko, D., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Chae, J. H., & Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology, 35, 466-477.
Montgomery, A., Baraer, C., & Mckee, P. (2002). A phenomenological study of wisdom in later life. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 52, 139-157.
Moody, H. R. (1976). Philosophical presuppositions of education for old age. Educational Gerontology, 1(1), 1-16.
Murat, B., & Gulnur, B. I. (2005). The relationship between thinking style and personality types. Palmerston North: Vol. 33, Iss 33; pg.283, 12pgs.
O’Hara, L.A., & Sternberg, R. J. (1999). Learning styles. In M. A. Runco & S. R. Pritzker(Eds.), Encyclopedia of creativity（pp. 147-153）. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Orwoll, L., & Perlmutter, M. (1990). The study of wise persons: Integrating a personality perspective. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 160-177). NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
Pasupathi, M., & Staudinger, U. M. (2001). Do advanced moral reasoners also show wisdom? Linking moral reasoning and wisdom-related knowledge and judgement. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 25(5), 401-415.
Pasupathi, M., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (2001). Seeds of wisdom: Adolescents'' knowledge and judgment about difficult life problems. Developmental Psychology, 37(3), 351-361.
Pervin, L. A. (1993). Personality: Theory and Research(6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Pervin, L. A., Cervone, D., & John, O. P. (2005). Personality: Theory and Research (9th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Phares, E. J., & Chaplin, W. F. (1997). Introduction to personality(4th ed.). New York: Longman.
Prince, K. P., & Clarke, L. K. (1978). Behavioral and psycho physiological correlates of the coronary prone personality: New data and unanswered questions. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 22, 409-417.
Riding, R. J. (1997). On the nature of cognitive style. Educational Psychology, 17(1&2), 29-49.
Roberts, B. W., & DelVecchio, W. F. (2000). The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: A quantitative review of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 3-25.
Robinson, D. N. (1990). Wisdom through the ages. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development(pp. 13-24). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rushton, J. P., Russell, R. J., & Wells, P. A. (1984). Genetic similarity theory: Beyond kin selection. Behavior Genetics, 14, 179-193.
Ryckman, R. M. (1993). Theories of personality(5th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Ryff, C. D., Kwan, E., ＆ Singer, B. (2001). Middle age and well-being. In H. S. Friedman(Ed.), Encyclopedia of mental health(pp. 709-719). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. (2002). Adult development and aging. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2005). Theories of Personality(8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thompson Learning.
Shea, P. (1995). Ageing and wisdom. In F. Glendenning & L. Stuart-Hamilton(Eds.), Learning and cognition in later life(pp. 43-73). Vermont: Ashgate publishing company.
Smith, J., Staudinger, U. M., & Baltes, P. B. (1994). Occupational settings facilitating wisdom-related knowledge: The sample case of clinical psychologists. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 62, 989-999.
Srivastava, S. S., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2003). Development of personality in early and middle adulthood: Set like plaster or persistent change? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1041-1053.
Staudinger, U. M. (1999). Older and wiser? Integrating results on the relationship between age and wisdom-related performance. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 641-664.
Staudinger, U. M., Lopez, D., & Baltes, P. B. (1997). The psychology location of wisdom-related performance: Intelligence, personality, and more? Personality and social psychology bulletin, 11, 1200-1214.
Staudinger, U. M., Smith, J., & Baltes, P. B. (1992). Interactive minds: A facilitative setting for wisdom-related performance? Journal of personality and social psychology, 71, 746-762.
Stedman, K. C.（1983）. Knowledge about aging and attitude toward older learners among adult educators: A correlational study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin.
Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond I.Q. : A triarchic theory of human intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1988). Mental self-government: A theory of intellectual styles and their development. Human Development, 31, 19-224.
Sternberg, R. J. (1990). Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1994a). Allowing for thinking style. Educational Leadship, 52(3), 36-39.
Sternberg, R. J. (1994b). Thinking style: Theory and assessment at the interface between intelligence and personality. In R. J. Sternberg & P. Ruzgis(Eds.). Intelligence and Personality(pp. 169-187). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Successful intelligence: How practical and creative intelligence determine success in life. NY: Simon & Schuster.
Sternberg, R. J. (1997). Thinking styles. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Intelligence and wisdom. In R. J. Sternberg(Ed.), Handbook of intelligence(pp. 629-647). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Why schools should teach for wisdom: The balance theory of wisdom in educational settings. Educational Psychologist, 36(4), 227-245.
Sternberg, R. J. (2005). Older but not wiser? The relationship between age and wisdom. Ageing International, 30(1), 5-26.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (1993). Thinking styles and the gifted. Roeper Review, 16, 122-130.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (1995). Styles of thinking in school. European Journal of High Ability, 6, 201-219.
Sternberg, R. J., & Grigorenko, E. L. (1997). Are cognitive styles still in style? American Psychologist, 52(7), 700-712.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1999). The concept of creativity: Prospects and paradigms. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Handbook of creativity (pp. 3-15). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (2001). Wisdom and creativity. In J. E. Birren and K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging (pp. 500-522). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Sternberg, R. J., & Wagner, R. K. (1992). Thinking styles inventory, unpublished test, Yale University.
Sternberg, R. J., Forsythe, G. B., & Hedlund, J. (2000). Practical intelligence in everyday life. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Takeda, N. M. (2000). A comparative study of the perceptions of wisdom in two cultures. Unpulished doctoral dissertation. University of Idaho.
Viswesvaran, C., & Ones, D. S. (2000). Measurement error in "big five factors" personality assessment: Reliability generalization across studies and measures. Education and Psychological Measurement, 60(2), 224-235.
Wan, W. N., Luk, C. L., & Lai, C. L. (2000). Personality correlates of loving styles among Chinese students in Hong Kong. Personality and Individual Differences, 29(1), 169-175.
Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13-22.
Whitbourne, S. K. (2005). Adult development and aging(second edition). John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Wink, P., & Helson, R. (1997). Practical and transcendent wisdom: Their nature and some longitudinal findings. Journal of Adult Development, 4, 1-15.
Yang, S. C., & Lin, W. C. (2004). The relationship among creative, critical thinking and thinking styles in Taiwan high school students. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 31(1), 33-45.
Yang, S. Y. (2000). Conceptions of Wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Unpulished doctoral dissertation, Yale University.
Yang, S. Y. (2001). Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Journal of Cross-cultural Psychology, 32, 662-680.
Yang, S. Y. (2004). Wisdom, a Taiwanese Chinese perspective. Poster presented in 112th Annual Convention of American Psychological Association. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA.
Yang, S. Y. (2008). A process view of wisdom. Adult Development, 15, 62-75.
Yang, S. Y., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2003). Managing a good life: Lessons of wisdom from later life. 2003創造力實踐歷程研討會論文集。台北：政治大學。
Zhang, L. F. (1999). Further cross-cultural validation of the theory of mental self-government. The Journal of Psychology, 133, 165-181.
Zhang, L. F. (2000a). Are thinking styles and personality types related? Educational Psychology, 20(3), 271-283.
Zhang, L. F. (2000b). Are learning approaches and thinking styles related? A study in two Chinese populations. The Journal of Psychology, 134(5), 469-489.
Zhang, L. F. (2001a). Approaches and thinking styles in teaching. The Journal of psychology, 135(5), 547-561.
Zhang, L. F. (2001b). Do thinking styles contribute to academic achievement beyond self-rated abilities? Journal of Psychology, 135(6), 621-637.
Zhang, L. F. (2002a). Thinking styles and cognitive development. The Journal of genetic psychology, 163(2), 179-195.
Zhang, L. F. (2002b). Thinking styles and modes of thinking: Implications for education and research. The Journal of psychology, 136(3), 245-261.
Zhang, L. F. (2002c). Thinking styles and the big five personality traits. Educational psychology, 22(1), 17-31.
Zhang, L. F. (2002d). Thinking style: Their relationships with modes of thinking and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 22(3), 331-348.
Zhang, L. F. (2003). Contributions of thinking styles to critical thinking dispositions. Journal of Psychology, 137(6), 517-544.
Zhang, L. F. (2004a). Thinking styles: University students’ preferred teaching styles and their conceptions of effective teachers. Journal of Psychology, 138(3), 233-252.
Zhang, L. F. (2004b). Revisiting the predictive power of thinking styles for academic performance. Journal of Psychology, 138(4), 351-370.
Zhang, L. F. (2007). Do personality traits make a difference in teaching styles among Chinese high school teachers. Personality and Individual Difference, 43, 669-679.
Zhang, L. F., & He, Y. (2003). Do thinking styles matter in the use of and attitudes toward computing and information technology among Hong Kong university students? Journal of Educational Computing Research, 137(6), 517-544.
Zhang, L. F., & Huang, J. (2001). Thinking styles and the five-factor mode of personality. European Journal of Personality, 15(6), 465-476.
Zhang, L. F., & Sachs, J. (1997). Assessing thinking styles in the theory of mental self-government: A Hong Kong validity study. Psychological Reports, 81, 915-928.
Zhang, L. F., & Sternberg, R. J. (1998). Thinking styles, abilities, and academic achievement among Hong Kong university students. Educational Research Journal, 13, 41-62.
Zhang, L. F., & Sternberg, R. J. (2000). Are learning approaches and thinking styles related? A study in two Chinese populations. Journal of Psychology, 134(5), 469-489.
Zhang, L. F., & Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Thinking style and teachers’ characteristics. International Journal of Psychology, 37(1), 3-12.
Zhang, Z., & Richarde, R. S. (1997). Learning-Thinking Style Inventory: Lisrel and Multivariate Analyses. The Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. March 24-28, 1997, Chicago.
Zimbardo, G. P. (1990). Psychology and life(12th ed.). Goenview, Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company.