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題名:再尺度化的都市區域-由能值評估論全球化下高屏城鄉的時空變遷
作者:鄭春發 引用關係
作者(外文):Chun-Fa Cheng
校院名稱:國立高雄師範大學
系所名稱:地理學系
指導教授:吳連賞
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2011
主題關鍵詞:都市區域土地利用變遷能量空間分佈都市能量階層再尺度化City RegionLand use changeSpatial Energetic FlowEnergetic HierarchyRescaling
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本研究目的,首先說明都市與鄉村發展意涵與議題,其次在不同時間與空間尺度下,進行跨尺度的推繹,其三則運用完整的二手資料,探討全球在地化下的高屏生態城鄉發展議題及城鄉發展類型。全文應用生態經濟學觀點,透過Odum建構的能值分析法,可將同一系統之內各種不同的能量類別轉換成同一單位進行比較。探討1940年日治時期、1975年經濟起飛期、1995年經濟穩定期,以及2008年四個不同經濟 發展時期下,高屏地區土地利用轉變,以及城鄉生態經濟系統的時空演變。
在分析過程中,先後以大尺度的高屏溪流域與縣市、鄉鎮及村里等三個微觀尺度進行實證研究,評量高屏地區城鄉發展的時空變遷過程。在大尺度的討論中,研析城鄉生態經濟特性、空間能源流動與能量階層剖面;在三個微觀尺度裡,應用SPSS軟體與地理資訊系統進行多尺度城鄉能量生態分區並探究其意涵。
研究發現原高雄市做為一個中心都市,市中心解構的工業正不斷侵入(invasion)、演替(succession)市郊及原高雄縣鄰近鄉鎮的農業用地。城鄉生態經濟系統的發展就像一個生態系,高屏地區自日治時期在歷經1970年代~1990年代的快速經濟成長期,高屏地區由工礦業走向工商業,高度依賴輸入能值,維生容受力逐漸減低。本研究研究發現:「全球化經貿市場機制如水可載舟亦可覆舟的特性,即『隨著距中心都市的距離,一方面都市外圍的『地方』自給性資源利用較大化,如高集約度農業利用;另一方面農業用地恢復為自然環境利用,如河川地、或農地休耕、廢耕,給予地區生態系統調節生態回復力的機會。』」
本研究的實證結果,驗證了Odum能值階層假說在高屏地區的實踐,本研究發現:「即各種土地利用的能值流動密度,係由消費中心往外遞減,形成都市空間階層。高雄市仍是能量階層最高資訊生產、消費中心,而其相對周圍鄉村地區,在人口分佈、能值利用(電力)、生活水準與居住品質無太大差異,在能量階層剖面與空間流動實證,也得到相同的驗證。」但在全球化下,都市能量階層有扁平化的現象,隨著距離中心都市遠近,人口、能量密度朝平緩之勢。配合生態景觀與能源空間流動分佈來看,人口更分散分佈於城鄉之間,輸入能源如貨物、化石燃料、電力等在城鄉空間的積累,所謂城鄉在空間地景上,市中心與郊區界線依然明顯,只是郊區化與鄉村或更遠郊與鄉村界線更趨模糊。
估算並整理歷年高屏地區城鄉發展類型,發現在高屏地區大尺度的探討中,2008年是朝向永續發展,高雄市不似Mercer公司評鑑為台灣生態城市第一,其實仍是高度耗能的中心,生態壓力舒緩來自周圍高屏縣維生服務,因都市擴展也影響市郊土地利用與環境品質。同樣的,原高雄市11個行政(轄)區,實際上,僅火車站周圍的鹽埕、前金、三民、新興與苓雅區具中心都市機能。鄉鎮微尺度分析發現:面積過大或能值極端特性的村里,影響大尺度行政區的結果,同時都市計畫範圍與鄉鎮市區行政區的不一致,使得城鄉發展的判斷上,鄉鎮市區尺度不以村里尺度,對劃分城態分區類型來得有意義,此即尺度過大,大量細節被省略(概括化)之尺度迷思。
在鄉村發展生態分區類型方面,1940年鄉村發展類型依賴自給性資源、屬低度購入資源的農村;1975年伴隨經濟快速起飛,鄉村呈現為高度消費的發展,但仍與都市明顯有段落差;1995年城鄉發展呈現多元的利用,在都市地區與其周圍的聚落則呈現為高消費能力的鄉村發展;2008年的城鄉發展不論在縣市、鄉鎮與村里尺度,呈現不同的發展方向,城鄉發展由1995年時的多元發展類型,走向簡單分類的城鄉分區,高雄市除中心都市外,另一類型走向城鄉複合發展的生態分區,城鄉資源使用趨向一致;以及生態回復的資源型鄉村。
綜合而言,生態經濟系統的治理觀念,全球化下「城、鄉發展」應該是區域(特別是流域)的整體城鄉治理,強調生態足跡、注重城市腹地維生與生態環境的「城市區域(City-Region) 」,將城市與鄉村一起納入生態經濟系統思考。是一個以生態區域(Bio-region)與城市-區域(City-region)的「區域(region)」再尺度化概念。
The Purposes of this study, first of all, emphasized the ecological relationship between urban center and rural areas , and explained the meanings of urban and rural development. Secondly, it processed cross-scale analysis under different time and spatial scales. Thirdly, it used secondary data to explore development issues and modes of spatial and temporal transformation of Kaohsiung-Pingtung in the Age of globalization. From ecological economics perspective and Odum’s energy analysis, the study is to explore the four periods:1940 the Japanese era , 1975 take-off period, 1995 economic stability, and 2008 (planning towards ecological transition present) and to explore the evolution of land-use change in Kaohsiung-Pingtung area, as well as ecological-economic systems.
In the process of analysis, the study successively used the Kaoping River counties by the large scale to process empirical study on the microscopic scale of counties, towns, and villages. It evaluated spatial and temporal transformation of Kaohsiung-Pingtung as a region. In the discussions at the large scale, it analysed ecological and economic characteristics, spatial analysis of urban and rural energy flow and energy sectors profile. In three micro-scale, it used multi-scale application of SPSS software and geographic information system to explore the meaning.
However, we explored that de-centralizing industries from city center is constantly in the invasion and succession process toward nearby villages and towns in Kaohsiung county. Ecological economy system of urban and rural development is like an ecosystem. From the Japanese era, Pingtung area began as a young progressive development of stage in the ecosystem, and a growing stage in the 1970s and 1990s. Through trade in recent years, Pingtung area has become a business center from a primary material supplier, and highly depended on the input values, and reduced its self-sustainability gradually . Trade market mechanisms in the globalization is like Water can carry a boat can capsize, "as the distance from the Center City, while city outside the local subsistence resource use of larger, such as high-intensity agricultural use while restoring agricultural land to the natural environment, such as rivers, or fallow agricultural land, and give up cultivation provide opportunities for eco-system in ecological restoring force.
According to the result, the study verified Odum’s hypothesis. The showed various the density of land-use energy flowed decreasingly outward by the consumer Center and formed urban space. Kaohsiung city remains the highest information production, consumption, and its surrounding rural areas, population distribution and energy use (electricity), living standards and quality of living without much difference, profile and space flow demonstration at the energy level, also get the same validation. But under globalization, urban is as far away from the city centre, potential population, to moderate energy density. In accordance with the ecological landscape and energy flow of space distribution, there is more scattered population distribution between urban and rural. More, there is no longer obvious line between city and rural. Scale is seen as a process, rather than a fixed entity. Geographers have been realized that the result is obtained in a scale is not enough, mobility of regional-scale corresponds to the phenomenon of ambiguity.
Pingtung area over urban and rural development estimates and finishing types found in Pingtung area in large-scale study, 2008 is the move towards sustainable development, Kaohsiung City unlike Mercer company evaluation as the first eco-city in Taiwan. It is still the highly energy center and its ecological pressure relieved from Pingtung county. Due to urban expansion, that also has the impact on suburban land use and environmental quality. Similarly, 11 administrative areas in Kaohsiung, in fact, only around the railway station of Yancheng, Cianjin, Lingya and SanMin have the functions to become the city center. The analysis found that, too large area may effect the results of large scale district. While the inconsistence of the range of urban plan and urban district, it makes the judgment of city and rural development ambiguous. There is a myth that the larger scale, the more details was omitted.
All in all, the study suggests that according to the concept of ecological economics of governance, “urban-rural development” should be from a region’s (in particular valley) urban-rural governance, which emphasized its ecological footprint, and focused on the ecological environment and urban living in the hinterland of "City-Region" towards integrating city and rural into ecological economic systems thinking. It is a concept of rescaling “region” by Bio-region and City-region.
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