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題名:醫療院所護理人員的共依附及其效果模式研究
作者:洪瑞黛
作者(外文):Hung Jui-Tai
校院名稱:國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商學系所
指導教授:林清文
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2012
主題關鍵詞:護理人員共依附自我分化自尊護理工作環境nursescodependencyself-differentiationself-esteemnursing work environment
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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照顧者是護理人員在護理實務上的核心角色。在此角色中,護理人員被期待要對他人的需求有很高的敏銳度,經常需要為了他人的需求而犧牲個人。此護理工作本質,讓護理人員處於很高的共依附風險之中。
共依附現象最早被發現於物質成癮者與功能失調之家庭中,共依附者以他人為焦點、忽視自我的需求、隱藏自己的感受、貶低自我價值、自我犧牲、在照顧角色上承受過度責任、並且透過關係獲得意義感。這些特性使他們在身心健康與人際關係上承受很大的折磨。
近期的研究發現共依附已然成為危害護理人員在專業表現與個人身心健康上的重要議題。護理工作可能吸引了一些想要照顧別人的人,因為它延續他們在功能失調之原生家庭中的照顧者角色,這些人通常具有較低之自我分化與自尊。而社會文化與醫療院所對護理人員的無私奉獻的過度期待與要求,也可能引發或助長護理人員的共依附。基於特異質-壓力模式,研究者進一步假設:面對相同的社會文化與工作環境要求,護理人員的共依附反應也可能依不同的個人特質而有差別。
本研究以中部某區域教學醫院443位目前實際從事護理工作之護理人員的樣本資料,實徵探討護理人員共依附現況及其效果模式。研究工具包含「共依附量表」、「自尊量表」、「自我分化量表」及「中文護理工作環境量表」四個量表。研究資料分析方法包括內部一致性分析、因素分析、驗證性因素分析、描述性統計、群聚分析之K平均數法、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子單變項變異數分析與Scheffé法事後比較、單因子多變項變異數分析與區別分析、皮爾森績差相關、以及結構方程模式。
主要的研究結果如下:護理人員自尊呈現中等以上程度、自我分化程度中等、共依附程度輕微、對護理工作環境的要求持有中等以上的滿意程度,但是對護理人力與各類資源方面感到不滿意,且有18.5%的護理人員具有共依附特徵。不同背景護理人員在自尊、自我分化、共依附、以及護理工作環境上有顯著差異。護理人員自尊、自我分化、護理工作環境等變項對共依附均有負面效果。控制自尊變項時,護理人員的自我分化程度對護理工作環境對共依附的效果有調節效果。共依附的特異質-壓力模式觀點得到實徵資料的支持。
研究結果可提供未來研究者、護理教育工作者、護理行政人員、國家護理行政機構實徵資料,做為未來改善護理工作環境與護理人員共依附的重要參考。
Caregivers is the core role for nurses in nursing practice (Herrick, 1992). In this role, nurses are expected to be sensitive to others’ needs. It is often necessary for nurses to sacrifice their own personal needs for the needs of others. Due to this nature, nurses tend to be at the risk of codependency (Hall &; Wray, 1989).
Codependency was first found in substance addicts and dysfunctional families (Beattie, 1987). Codependent persons put others’ needs before their own, hide their feelings, look down on themselves, sacrifice themselves and shoulder more responsibilities than needed in order to get a sense of purpose through relationships. They are tortured by these behaviors in mental and physical health as well as interpersonal relationships (Spann &; Fischer, 1990).
Recent studies have disclosed that codependency has become a critical issue in which it deteriorates not only nurses’ mental and physical health but also their performances (Ançel &; Kabakçi, 2009; Yates &; McDaniel, 1994). Nursing jobs attract those who want to take care of others because this way they can continue to take care of others as they did in their dysfunctional family of origin (Kowal, 1994). Usually these people have lower self-differentiation and self-esteem. Besides, over expectations from public culture or hospitals toward nurses’ unselfish dedication might cause or increase their tendency toward codependency (Caffrey &; Caffrey, 1994). Based on the Diathesis-Stress Model (Davison, Neale &; Kring, 2004), following is the assumption from the researcher in this study: whether or not individual nurses in the same public culture and work environment would response differently toward codependency?
A sample of 443 nurses from a teaching hospital in central Taiwan is surveyed. Four instruments are used: the Codependency Scale, the Self-Esteem Scale, the Chinese Self-Differentiation Inventory-R and the Chinese Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. The statistic methods applied in this study include Internal Consistency Analysis, Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Description Statistics, K-Means Cluster, Independent Sample T Test, One-way ANOVA, Scheffé methods, One-way MANOVA, Discriminant Analysis, Pearson's product-moment correlation, and structural equation modeling (SEM).
The major results of the study are as follows: Nurses’ self-esteem is above average, self-differentiation level is middle, with low codependency level, satisfactory degree toward their work environment is about average, but they are not satisfied with insufficient nursing staff and resources, and there are 18.5% of nurses having codependency symptoms. There are significant differences in the self-esteem, self-differentiation, codependency, and perceived practice environment scores among participants' demographic characteristics. Nurses’ self-esteem, self-differentiation, and their perceived practice environment scores have negative influence toward their codependency level. When we control the inference of self-esteem variable, nurses’ self-differentiation level is introduced as a moderator of the relation between nurses’ perceived practice environment scores and their codependency level. Empirical data support the Diathesis-Stress Model for codependency of nurses.
Research results serve as an important reference for future researchers, nursing education workers, nursing administrative stuff and public-sector nursing institutions to improve nursing work environment as well as nurses’ codependency tendency.
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