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題名:先天全盲者平面空間表現教學成效之個案研究
作者:張婉琪 引用關係
作者(外文):Wan-Chi Chang
校院名稱:國立臺灣科技大學
系所名稱:設計研究所
指導教授:張文智
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2013
主題關鍵詞:先天全盲者繪畫教學空間再現觸知圖畫圖像辨認congenitally blinddrawing teachingspatial representationtactile drawingspicture identifying
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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本研究以個案實驗教學方法,進行三個子研究,探討先天全盲成人學習平面空間表現的教學成效。既有文獻中,國內研究指出:未經教學,盲人無法達到與明眼人相同的斜角投射或透視發展結果,此結果與國外研究明顯不同;研究者認為肇因於國內外教育學習與成長環境的條件方面的不同。透過適當的教育與學習,是否能讓盲人理解明眼人的空間表現法則,為本研究欲進行探究與釐清之處。
本研究參與者為一位25歲,大學畢業,曾有光覺但無繪畫經驗之先天全盲者。三個子研究的教學目標分別為:教導參與者使用透視或斜角投射策略再現(1)正立方體模型、(2)圓柱體模型與杯子,以及(3)不同類型的前後遮蔽物紙板模型。教學方法包括:(1)觸摸辨識立體圖卡、(2)可觸讀圖卡分類學習、(3)可觸讀圖卡配對學習、(4)「多面質感模型」的觸摸與空間再現學習、(5)「框架模型」的觸摸與空間再現學習、(6)「紙板模型」的觸摸與空間再現學習、(7)「前後遮蔽圖板」的空間再現學習、(8)油土板繪畫線條觸摸辨識、(9)進行任一單元教學時,並同時配合口語解釋與說明。在三個子研究的連續一對一教學中,各教學方法視需要互相搭配與重複使用。
前測中,參與者皆只能使用直角投射的策略,以及選擇同類型的圖卡。沒有任何跡象顯示使用或選擇斜角投射或透視等明眼人能夠使用的進階策略。經教學後,參與者在正立方體再現部分,已經超越原始的直角投射,但仍無法完全達到「以斜角投射系統或透視再現正立方體」的教學目標。不過,參與者能正確的選擇出斜角投射與透視圖卡。而研究二的圓柱體、杯子,與研究三的前後遮蔽物作業,皆能達成教學目標,參與者能選擇進步的空間再現圖卡,並能自行畫出。整體教學後,參與者也能在未教導過的其他模型再現,融會貫通產生觀念上與實際繪畫策略上的明顯進步,顯示參與者經由學習產生的內化與進步。
本研究結果顯示:教導盲人明眼人的空間再現法則是可行的。研究結果同時指出:參與者的身心狀態、觸覺測量技術、不同類型模型的學習成果、細微的模型差距、以及便利的媒材都有可能影響全盲者空間再現的學習成效。此外,長期與穩定頻繁的練習也是必然的配合條件。
This research is a case study of a teaching method. The researchers conducted three subsidiary studies aiming to examine the teaching outcome of how a congenitally blind adult learned pictorial spatial representation. Domestic existing studies have shown that without instruction the blind people could not reach the same development stage of oblique projection or perspective as the sighted. This result was obviously different from the international studies. The researchers proposed that the contrary was due to the difference in educational and growing background. This study examined and evaluated whether the blind could comprehend the sighted people's principles of pictorial spatial representation through suitable teaching and learning.
The participant, a 25-year-old congenitally totally blind adult with a bachelor degree, used to have light perception but no drawing experience. The teaching objective of the three subsidiary studies was to teach the participant to learn oblique projection or perspective to spatially represent (1) a cube; (2) a cylinder and a cup; (3) distinct models with front and back cardboards. The teaching schemes used in this study contained: (1) three-dimensional tactile picture identification; (2) tactile picture classification; (3) three-dimensional tactile picture matching; (4) multiple-facet model tactile identification and spatial representation; (5) press-able skeleton model tactile identification and spatial representation; (6) foldout-able cardboard model tactile identification and spatial representation; (7) pictures drawn on plastic slabs identification; (8) clay slabs drawing lines tactile identification; (9) each of them was conducted with oral explanations. During the three subsidiary studies, each teaching method would be mixed up or repeated if necessary.
In the pre-test, the participant could only draw orthographic projection and select the same type of picture cards; no indication showed that he was able to draw or select oblique projection or perspective as the advanced strategy of sighted people's spatial representation. After instruction, the participant could exceed the stage of orthographic projection in spatial representation of a cube, but he still could not reach the teaching objective of oblique projection or perspective of a cube. However, he could select the correct oblique projection picture card. In the second subsidiary study, the participant could reach the teaching objective of selecting the advanced picture card of spatial representation and drawing a cylinder and a cup. In the third subsidiary studies, he was able to select the advanced picture card of spatial representation and draw a model with two erected cardboards. After these lessons, the participant clearly improved his drawing skills and strategy in other untaught models. The results showed that the participant made progress through learning and teaching.
The results indicated that teaching the blind the sighted's principles of spatial representation was feasible. The results also indicated that the physical and mental state of the participant, tactile measuring technology, the learning outcomes of different types of models, subtle model difference, and convenience in drawing materials may all possibly affect the blind people’s learning efficiency of spatial representation. In addition, long-term stable and frequent practice may also be a necessary condition.
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