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題名:臺灣銀髮族休閒政策之研究:休閒阻礙分析途徑
作者:葉明勳 引用關係
作者(外文):Yeh Ming Hsun
校院名稱:國立臺北大學
系所名稱:公共行政暨政策學系
指導教授:劉坤億
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2015
主題關鍵詞:銀髮族休閒友伴式休閒休閒阻礙休閒環境休閒社會學leisure of senior citizensleisure companionshipleisure constraintsleisure environmentsociology of leisure
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就國外文獻探討,銀髮族休閒參與及健康保健間存在正向關係,尤其是友伴式休閒所帶來的社會支持功能,讓銀髮族得到更多的休閒效益。不過,根據2013年《老人狀況調查報告》的調查結果,不管是55-64歲或65歲(含)以上的銀髮族,沒有參與志願活動、進修活動、養生保健團體活動、休閒娛樂團體活動的比例皆超過五成。基於此,本研究認為,如何讓銀髮族養成日常休閒習慣,促進身心健康,是特別重要的課題;因此,為促進銀髮族休閒參與,必須先瞭解銀髮族休閒阻礙的因素,這是本研究欲研究的重點之一。另外,國內學者認為,完善的休閒環境可以排除個體所面臨的休閒阻礙因素;是以,我國銀髮族的休閒環境是否友善,是本研究欲探討的另一重點。
本研究綜整國內外文獻,說明休閒阻礙及休閒環境的理論意涵,並從休閒社會學的角度切入,解釋銀髮族個體休閒與整體休閒環境之間的關係,進而探討公共政策在此議題中,應該扮演的角色為何。就實證調查部分,本研究以問卷調查方式,瞭解我國銀髮族實際面臨的休閒阻礙;並透過深度訪談,探討我國銀髮族休閒的支持性環境,是否足夠及友善的問題。問卷調查發現,居住在鄉、鎮及市的銀髮族,皆會面臨個人阻礙、人際阻礙及結構阻礙,但由於城鄉差異的現實,導致阻礙成因有所不同。整體而言,銀髮族休閒阻礙的現象,隱含著教育引導、健康關懷、經濟安全及休閒機會等多元的公共政策議題,必須整體性思考,加以解決。進一步,本研究彙整訪談資料,提出銀髮族休閒友善環境的概念,此一概念係由文化環境、社區環境、社會支持環境及個體環境組合而成,彼此環環相扣,可以有效降低銀髮族休閒阻礙的發生機率。
最後,本研究依據實證調查,討論其所蘊含的理論意涵,並針對我國銀髮族的休閒環境,提出數項政策建議。實務上,銀髮族休閒參與的支持性環境,涉及到健康營造、休閒教育、社會支持、社福照顧、經濟安全等跨領域之公共事務結合,僅靠單一政府部會的政策投入是不夠的,必須透過政府跨部會的努力,並整合民間資源,才能營造成功。後續研究建議,本研究認為,國內有關休閒阻礙量表編製的調查對象,主要以青年、婦女、親子之間,做為調查群體,缺乏對銀髮族的關注。是以,編製一份適合我國銀髮族的休閒阻礙量表,不僅可以擴張國內休閒阻礙量表的效度建構;編製完成後的量表,更能讓相關領域的學術人員及實務工作者,加以參考並運用。
The positive relationship between leisure of senior citizens and health care and the social support function induced by leisure companionship particularly have brought elder persons more leisure benefits according to foreign literatures. Comparatively, the “Report of the Senior Citizen Condition Survey” issued in 2013, however, disclosed more than 50% of elder persons aged from 55 to 64 and above 65 preferred not to participate voluntary activities, education programs, health care regimens, or casual entertainment activities. Against this background, the regular leisure habits as well as physical and mental health of senior citizens are considered as an important issue. For leisure of senior citizens, the factors with respect to leisure constraints of senior citizens are one key point in this study. Furthermore, the other key point investigated herein is the friendly leisure environment in Taiwan in view of the arguments of some international and domestic academics that the factors related to leisure constraints confronted by individuals can be offset by proper leisure environment.
In this study, I summarized literatures at home and abroad for theoretical implication of leisure constraints and leisure environment and followed sociology of leisure to explain the relationship between personal leisure of senior citizens and the entire leisure environment and investigate the role of the public policy in this issue. The actual leisure constraints confronted by senior citizens were explored in the questionnaire survey as the method of empirical investigations herein; the friendly supportive environment for elder persons’ leisure lives in Taiwan was studied in depth interviews. As disclosed in the questionnaire survey, the senior citizens living in townships or metropolises are facing personal constraints, interpersonal constraints and structural constraints, each of which might be attributed to distinct causes based on actual urban-rural disparity. In general, the phenomena of leisure constraints confronted by senior citizens imply diverse issues in the public policy, for example, educational guidance, health care, economic safety and leisure opportunity, which should be considered and settled comprehensively. With interview materials summarized, the friendly environment for senior citizens’ leisure activities as a concept proposed herein consists of cultural environment, community environment, social supportive environment and individual environment, all of which are closely related to one another for effectively removing leisure constraints in senior citizens’ leisure lives.
Finally, I offered recommendations for the public policy of leisure environment of senior citizens in Taiwan by referring to the empirical investigation and discussing the theoretic implication. The supportive environment of leisure of senior citizens which involves a combination of public affairs including health building, leisure education, social support, social care and economic safety in practice should depend on not only the policy of a single authority but also the inter-department cooperation with civil resources integrated successfully. For follow-up study, I found most leisure constraint scales prepared for respondents including youths, women and parent-offspring as the groups under investigation rather than senior citizens in Taiwan. As a result, a leisure constraint scale for senior citizens in Taiwan will proactively contribute to validity of domestic leisure constraint scales and be quoted by the academic staff or practitioners studying leisure constraints.
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