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題名:經濟變動中漁村婦女之工作認同與婚姻認同
作者:林雅容 引用關係
作者(外文):Ya-Jung Lin
校院名稱:國立中正大學
系所名稱:社會福利所
指導教授:李美玲
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2005
主題關鍵詞:工作認同婚姻認同女性養家者女性主義民族誌work identitymarital identityfemale breadwinnerfeminist ethnography
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由政府之統計數據發現,近年來女性為經濟戶長之家戶比例是逐漸地增加。然而,在「男主女從」之文化脈絡下,當經濟變動使傳統性別分工模式發生改變(即傳統「男性養家、女性顧家」的圖像被「丈夫賺食失利、妻子成為重要賺食者」的情況取而代之)時,身處性別權力相對弱勢位置的女性養家者如何自勞動市場及家庭顯現她們對於工作及婚姻之認同?本文所要了解的是,女性養家者在勞動市場中,如何自次要勞動力的位置形塑出對於工作的認同;以及,女性養家者在家庭中,如何自被視為「理所當然」之主要照顧者的角色中,顯現出對於婚姻的認同。
本文以嘉義縣東石鄉東石漁村為研究場域,透過女性主義民族誌此研究方法,針對14位已婚、與丈夫同住之婦女蒐集本文所需之質化資料;也透過問卷調查的方式,針對103位已婚、與丈夫同住之不同家戶的婦女蒐集量化資料作為輔助說明。本文在研究分析上是以交換理論為架構。
研究結果顯示,漁村婦女之工作認同是由三層面形塑出來的,有:
1. 因漁業之勞動體制使得工作具顯著的性別分工,婦女在勞動付出上是受到貶抑。但是,婦女藉此建立了「女性化」的工作價值,使她們能自底層勞動位階中,對於剖蚵工作有正向的認定。
2. 婦女由自身的工作經驗發現,剖蚵工作在漁業經濟衰退之際,仍然具有穩定性。婦女們對於其他剖蚵者的勞力付出多抱持著負面的態度,以失業男性尤為顯著;婦女們之主要用意為,降低剖蚵工作在性別上的替代性,保護「女性的」工作機會。
3. 婦女在集體性工作中呈現出她們對於剖蚵工作是志願性服從;婦女也自集體性工作中發展出「家務勞動互助化」的勞動共識但是,此一共識的背後是存有婦女對於個人處境的缺憾,即女性養家者是在家族利益的考量下,犧牲個人的生活。
本文發現,「男主外、女主內」的性別分工觀念深植在漁村生活中;當男性被視為主要養家者,女性的勞動參與被視為輔助者,或僅暫時性地投入勞動市場,將使得剖蚵工作不斷地受到邊緣化與婦孺化。但是,在經濟變動下,男性之經濟角色失靈,反而凸顯出婦女經濟角色的重要性與「女性的」工作之穩定性,讓身處邊緣勞動位階的漁村婦女能擔負起關鍵性的家庭經濟支柱的角色,再加上剖蚵婦女對於男性剖蚵者負面的態度看待,減低勞動力在性別上的替代性,婦女因此成為此份工作的主要勞動者與性別互動下之優勢者。
婦女之婚姻認同是由三層面形塑出來的,有:
1. 婦女視家務工作為「女性的」工作,即使失業丈夫在家庭中的時間增加,她們依然獨自完成家務工作。因為丈夫失業,婦女需面對隨之而來的家庭問題,此將使得她們對於丈夫的情感具不確定性;婦女因而從自己與配偶的互動中,視自我婚姻價值僅存有巨膌吨銕龤C婦女反而是透過自己和子女、親友的互動,取得婚姻中的情感性支持。
2. 婦女從自身的婚育經驗(指生育男嗣)中發現,即使自己生了兒子,仍然難以得到夫家家族的肯定,或者被視為「理所當然」;除此之外,婦女從原生家庭與夫家的家庭經濟比較中發現,婦女之原生家庭生存與否並非完全倚賴夫家。因此,婦女對於一般人之婚姻看法是「力求生存」;也就是說,婦女在文化的選擇上呈二個極端,一是揚棄貶抑女性價值的文化觀點,另一是完全遵守文化對於婦女生活的約束。
3. 婦女對於婚姻體制是完全的妥協、順從,此可顯見於她們接受家族長輩之婚姻安排;在此婚姻體制中,婦女視婚姻關係維繫的意義為「取得倚靠」的「保障」。
  本文發現,漁村之傳統性別分工的刻板印象是難以轉變的,婦女對於家庭之重要性仍然僅限定在「家庭照顧者」此一角色;這使得婦女未因為成為家庭之重要經濟支柱,或者為夫家生育子嗣,而能得到夫家家族的肯定,婦女反而因此對於自我對於丈夫的情感是具不確定性。但是,傳統婚姻價值對於婦女來說是具影響力,使得婦女持續地相信「婚姻」對於「女人」來說是極具重要性,婦女因而願意屈就於不平等的婚姻關係。
  婦女之工作認同、婚姻認同的形塑所呈現的固然是婦女的主觀感受,但若由「實踐性別」的觀點進一步分析,婦女對於工作、家庭是具「志願性服從」。誠如前述,在勞動市場中的「志願性服從」是,勞動者對於原本宰制他們的資本主義制度心甘情願地順從(Burawoy, 1979;引自謝國雄,1999:8)。相對的,婦女對於家族規範也是具「志願性服從」;本文對此的認定是,婦女對於原本宰制她們的父權體制心甘情願地順從。
最末,本文針對當前臺灣之性別、家庭與工作之政策提出三項建議,分別為:政策架內涵應以性別主流化為主體、政策應彰顯女性之自主性、以及政策應關懷女性的生命歷程。需說明的是,此三項建議並非各自獨立或彼此間具排他性,而是相互有關聯。
In Taiwan, female household heads have increased recently. Most studies concern about the lives of these women, and these studies always focus on women’s status, family power interaction etc. This study concerns about the identity revolution from work and family of female breadwinners under the cultural context of “male as ordinate; female as subordinate”. The major purposes of this study are: first, to understand how female breadwinners constructure the work identity from the subordinate position of labor market; and second, to realized how these women shape the marital identity from the roles of “consequent” caregivers.  
Tung-Shih village, a fishing community in Chia-Yi County, was selected as the research field. And this study applied feminist ethnography to collect qualitative data and some quantitative data were collected by questionnaire. The framework of data analysis was based on exchange theory.
The results show that the work identity of female breadwinners in this fishing community is credited to three factors, including:
(1) Womanizing labor value from the labor regime. Because of the significant sexual division in the labor regime, the contributions of women have always been devalued. Female labors approve themselves by womanizing labor value.
(2) Slowing the gender-order rearrangement in the labor market. Women’s works have become more and more important in the decline of economic development. In order to protecting their working opportunities, women does not confirm the labor value of male labors, especially whom are unemployed.
(3) Restructuring the labor consensus of housework cooperation from the group-based work. Based on voluntary servitude in the group-based work, women restructuring this labor consensus for sharing the burdens of housework to each other.
This study draws a picture of women’s work identity. When men can’t competence for the role of breadwinner, women’s contributions for family finances will be approved. And women will criticize male labors who do the “women’s” work in order to preventing their own working opportunities. In view of the above, women become the major labors in the oyster industry and get advantageous position in the gender interaction.
This study also shows that three dimensions construct the marital identity of female breadwinners:
(1) Only exchanging functional supports from women’s own marriage. Based on the traditional ideology of gender division and the exceptions of returning the labor market for their unemployed husbands, women do all of housework by themselves. All what women do only can get functional supports and lose emotional supports from their own marriage.
(2) Making polar decisions for surviving in patriarchy. Form women’s depreciatory experience of breeding, they arrive others’ marriages at widely different valuations. One is getting out of the cultural perspectives of degraded women’s value; the other is obeying the cultural norms of women’s living.
(3) Getting living insurance in the regime of marriage. Women believe that they can get a reliable life by respecting marital arrangements from the elder members of their family.
  This study gives a picture of women’s marital identity. The stereotype of the gender division is hard to mutate, even women realize that their work makes a substantial contribution to family finances. Therefore, women will be dubious about the relationship to their husbands. Because of the notion of marriage, women still believe that the regime of marriage is really important for them. And this belief let them condescend to the marriage.
Finally, this study refers to the conditions of the female breadwinners for thinking about policies in gender, family and work ethics.
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