:::

詳目顯示

回上一頁
題名:警察職務犯罪之研究
作者:黃啟賓
校院名稱:中央警察大學
系所名稱:犯罪防治研究所
指導教授:黃富源
章光明
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2005
主題關鍵詞:警察職務犯罪沈默規矩肉食主義素食主義
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
相關次數:
  • 被引用次數被引用次數:期刊(13) 博士論文(4) 專書(0) 專書論文(0)
  • 排除自我引用排除自我引用:12
  • 共同引用共同引用:0
  • 點閱點閱:90
論文摘要
論文題目:警察職務犯罪之研究
校所名稱:中央警察大學犯罪防治研究所博士班
畢業時間:2005 年 10 月(94 學年度第 1 學期博士學位)
研究生姓名:黃啟賓 指導教授:黃富源、章光明 教授
中文摘要
  本研究所重視之焦點,集中於「警察職務犯罪」相關議題之探討,在近幾年來,由於法令之鬆綁,國家所賦予警察之權威,不再像過去一般,因此警察之角色漸趨於服務者,而不再是管制者之角色;惟獨「警察職務犯罪」卻未能像警察角色之轉型而銷聲匿跡,此亦為本研究所關注之重心與重要性所在。
  本研究對於「警察職務犯罪」之操作型定義為:現職警察人員因執行職務,或利用本身職務之便利,造成其行為違反一般刑法中「瀆職罪」章之相關規定,與特別刑法之貪污治罪條例第 4 條、第 5 條及第 6 條等規定,且其所作之行為不論故意或過失,均構成本研究所稱之「警察職務犯罪行為」。
  本研究透過理論與相關文獻之探討,找尋「警察職務犯罪」之各項答案。
  一、藉由文獻與理論之探討,從中找出本研究目的中之「警察人員職務犯罪之成因」。
  二、從犯罪學中之「社會控制」與「理性選擇理論」,來探究法律之規範,對於警察人員是否產生影響,並從內部控制之機制,來探討社會控制之效能能否發揮;另從理性選擇之觀點,來論警察人員從事犯罪行為時,是否基於慎重考慮後之行為。從上結果,即可得出本研究目的之「警察人員職務犯罪之特性」、「警察人員職務犯罪之成因」。
  三、其次,以「組織理論」之「組織文化」(組織隱性內化)與「組織氣候」(組織外顯作為)等,論述本研究目的之「警察人員對於同事職務犯罪之舉發程度」與「警察人員犯罪行為與職務之間關係」。
  四、復次,經濟學中之「尋租」(或稱為競租)以及「委託─代理人理論」,探討本研究目的之「警察人員自陳職務犯罪行為之嚴重性」與「警察人員對於職務犯罪行為之認知程度」等結果。
  五、另藉「美、英、澳三國警察職務犯罪」現況之分析與比較,由「特性」、「成因」、「類型」及「改善策略」等面向,探討與分析我國「警察職務犯罪」類型與特質,與美、英、澳三國警察組織之異同概況。
  本研究係採質化研究之方式進行,針對本研究之各項目的,研擬本研究訪談題綱,以發現本研究目的之相關答案,且對「職務犯罪」之現象、類型與成因,作描述、歸納性之分類。
  本研究之進行模式,係以全面訪談與深度訪談來予以進行,研究對象係以 93 年 5 月底至 94 年 3 月底止,在監服刑或羈押之 67 位曾為警察人員,作全面訪談;另尚以立意抽樣之方式,選取具有再次深度訪談價值之個案,多次與受訪者接觸、晤談,藉由深度訪談之執行,予以修正全面訪談可能之疏漏。
  研究結果,綜上分析如下:
  首先,「低自我控制」是目前警察職務犯罪最重要之面向之一,其中相關因素有:警察人際網絡複雜、警察易受外力所影響、家庭關係緊張等等,這些因素,即屬於本研究於理論文獻探討所設定之「內隱期」因素裡。
  其次,警察成員對於其職務犯罪之行為,會經過理性選擇損益評估之階段,且其第一次進入職務犯罪之「腐敗斜坡」,多少受有警察同儕之間之推拉與相互學習,此一階段為「共生期」,警察成員與同儕間,均相互依賴、彼此共生。
  復次,不論在「組織內在性格同化」、「組織成員負面特質互賴」還是「組織外顯作為」面向等,均屬於警察成員之「共生期」,藉由警察成員彼此間的默契與不成文之規矩,才使職務犯罪行為能流竄於警察組織間。
  再者,在「價值觀錯置」部分,則屬於「深陷期」,進入此一階段之警察成員,即可能不知回頭,或已對職務犯罪行為有所麻痺了。
  第五,警察職務犯罪者,均為「機會」之投機主義者,結合「低自我控制」之心理性格,即會進入職務犯罪行成過程之另一階段,是以,「機會主義」者,亦屬於「內隱期」中之一項重要面向。而「同儕催化與學習」面向,則仍屬於警察組織成員之間的「共生結構」關係,因此列入「共生期」內。
  第六,警察組織內部,亦有所謂「職務犯罪」之「機會」存在,因為,警察內部犯罪常因有督導權、掌有考核權、行政處分權、人事調動權,如此時之警察成員因該機會之出現,而予以運用,即屬之;「機會」此一面向,屬於警察職務犯罪形成過程之「內隱期」。
  第七,「生活型態之重大改變」面向,包括有:金錢運用不當、信用卡刷爆、生活不正常、喜歡尋求夜生活之刺激以及飲酒作樂等等,均為職務犯罪最重要之早發徵兆,屬於警察職務犯罪之「深陷期」中,與前述之「價值觀念錯置」屬於同一形成過程之階段。
  本研究歸結「警察職務犯罪」之形成過程、相關成因機制與影響,整理、區分為:「內隱期」、「共生期」、「深陷期」與「爆發期」等四個階段。
  本研究依據前述之研究結果,併同本研究首揭所示之各項研究目的,並比較、分析各先進國家警察組織改善職務犯罪情形之作為狀況,茲提出改善我國警察組織中,有關「職務犯罪」防治之具體政策建議共 20 案,其中 14 案為「立即可改進之作法」,另 4 案為「未來中、長期之改進建議」,再者,有 2 案,則希望能在「後續研究」時,予以進行的。其中策略包括:從警察人員教育、家庭、財務、勤務、孤立感、連帶責任、職務輪調、問題解決、核心價值觀、面對職務犯罪問題、加強行政機關執行力以減少警察機關協辦事項,以及警察職務犯罪風險評估等各項,來予以具體建言。
參考書目
 一、中文部分
丁虹(1987),企業文化與組織承諾之關係研究,政治大學企業管理研究所博士論文,台北:政治大學。new window
中央日報(2002),擄妓案犯後態度檢方求刑依據,Website: http://www. cdn.com.tw/daily/2002/01/04/text/910104c1.htm,visited 2005/4/7。
中華經濟研究院(2000),新內閣新氣象,經濟前瞻雙月刊第 80 期,台北:中華經濟研究院。
內政部警政署(2001),風紀教育手冊(四),台北:內政部警政署。
文崇一(1989),中國人的價值觀,台北:東大圖書。new window
文崇一(1994),從價值取向談中國國民性,收錄於楊國樞、李亦園編(1994)。中國人的性格。台北:中央研究院民族研究所。new window
王卓脩(2002),公共經濟學課程講義─第 5 講•公共選擇,台北:政治大學經濟學系。
台灣刑事法學會(2002),公務員涉及刑事案件之類型化研究,台北:行政院經濟建設委員會委託研究計畫。
自由新聞網(2001a),高市警涉集體索賄•包庇色情,Website: http://www.libe rtytimes.com.tw/2001/new/may/25/today-c3.htm,visited 2005/4/7。
自由新聞網(2001b),高市警貪瀆案•神秘檔案破解•儂儂公關費曝光,Web site:http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2001/new/may/26/today-c1.htm,visited 2005/4/7。
自由新聞網(2004),桃縣電玩弊案•起訴13官警,Website: http://www. libertytimes.com.tw/2004/new/jun/29/today-so4.htm,visited 2005/4/7。
自由新聞網(2005),周人蔘案•17 被告發回更審,Website: http://www.Liber tytimes.com.tw/2005/new/jan/28/today-so6.htm,visited 2005/4/7。
西賽羅(Cicero, M. T.)(1997),論共和國•論法律,中國大陸北京:中國政法大學出版社譯著。
吳國清(2002),從組織行為探討警察風紀問題與其實證之研究,警學叢刊第 32 卷第 4 期,桃園:中央警察大學。new window
吳錫堂、楊滿郁譯(Blalock, H. M. 原著)(1983),社會科學法導論(An Introduction to Social Research),台北:巨流圖書。
呂育誠、陳恆鈞、陳菁雯、劉淑惠等譯(Rosenbloom, David 原著)(2000),公共行政學:管理、政治、法律觀點(Public Administration Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector.),台北:學富文化事業。
宋國誠(2000),新制度主義與中國國有企業改革─一個分析框架的運用,中國大陸研究第 43 卷第 2 期,台北:政治大學國際關係研究中心。new window
李茂興等譯(Robbins, S. P. 著)(1994),組織行為,台北:揚智。
李湧清(2004),警察發展、軌跡與趨勢,警學叢刊第 35 卷第 1 期,桃園:中央警察大學。new window
林山田(1995),刑罰學,台北:台灣商務印書館。
林東茂(2003),法學方法,即非方法,是名方法,收錄於林山田教授退休祝賀論文編輯委員會(2004),戰鬥的法律人:林山田教授退休祝賀論文集,台北:元照。
林義夫、蔡昉、李周(1995),中國的奇蹟─發展戰略與經濟改革,香港:中文大學。
林義夫、蔡昉、李周(2000),中國經濟改革與發展,台北:聯經。
法務部犯罪研究中心(1995),貪污犯罪及其防制對策之研究,台北:法務部犯罪研究中心。
胡幼慧(2000),質性研究:理論、方法及本土女性研究實例,台北:巨流圖書。
孫德華(2002),貪污腐敗之成因分析─一個理論與實證之探討,台南:成功大學政治經濟學研究所碩士論文。
徐木蘭(1994),企業經營者道德標準與企業倫理規範之關聯性研究,行政院國家科學委員會專題研究報告(NSC 83-0301-H-002-030),台北:行政院國家科學委員會。
徐宗國譯(Strauss, A. and J. Corbin 原著)(2000),質性研究概論(Basic of Qualitative Research),台北:巨流圖書。
時殷弘譯(Bentham 原著)(2000),道德與立法原理導論,中國大陸北京:商務印書館。
高敬文(1999),質化研究方法論,台北:師大書苑。
張平吾(1998),社會學,桃園:中央警察大學。
張平吾(2000),犯罪與刑事政策,收錄於張平吾編(1999),警察百科全書(四)─犯罪學與刑事政策,桃園:中央警察大學。
張清溪、許嘉棟、劉鶯釧、吳聰敏(1991),經濟學理論與實際(上冊),台北:雙葉書廊。
張德銳(1990),組織文化析論,國立編譯館館刊第 19 卷第 1 期,台北:國立編譯館。new window
張潤書(1988),行政學,台北:三民書局。
梅可望(1992),警察學原理,桃園:中央警察大學。
許士軍(1971),有關黎史二氏「組織氣候」尺度在我國企業機構之適用性之探討,國立政治大學學報第 26 期,台北:政治大學。
許春金(1991),暴力犯罪被害者個人特性與日常活動型態之實證研究,國科會研究報告(NSC 79-0301-H-015-01),台北:行政院國家科學委員會。
許春金(1998),警察行政概論,台北:三民書局。
許春金(2001),刑事司法概論,桃園:中央警察大學。
許春金(2003),犯罪學,台北:三民書局。
郭良傑(2005),雄檢禁擅發決行公文,刊於7月26日,台北:中國時報,Website:http://news.chinatimes.com/Chinatimes/newslist/newslistcontent /0,3546,110 503+112005072600063,00.html,visited 2005/7/26。
郭為藩、高強華(1992),教育學新論,台北:正中書局。
陳光中等譯(1995),社會學,台北:桂冠圖書。
陳秉璋、陳信木(1990),價值社會學,台北:桂冠圖書。
陳鵬仁譯(神一行原著),日本的警察,台北:水牛出版。new window
章光明(2000),警察與政治,警學叢刊第 30 卷第 6 期,桃園:中央警察大學。new window
章光明(2001a),診治警政機制•切忌頭痛醫頭─落實定期輪調、設置警民協調會與政風單位、加強領導功能及權責相符管理制度•才能弊絕風清,國政研究報告內政(研)090-038號,台北:國家政策研究基金會。
章光明(2001b),我國警察職務行為投訴機制之研究,中央警察大學學報第 38 期,桃園:中央警察大學。new window
章光明(2002),社區警政的「全球在地化」,警學叢刊第 32 卷第 5 期,桃園:中央警察大學。
黃乃熒(1998),教育政策分析瞭解的可信度,Website: http://www.epa.ncnu.edu. t w/y/hwang.html,visited 2005/1/30。
黃光雄、簡茂發(1993),教育研究法,台北:師大書苑。
黃富源(2000a),少年犯罪,收錄於張平吾編(1999),警察百科全書(四)─犯罪學與刑事政策,桃園:中央警察大學。
黃富源(2000b),警察與女性被害人─警察系統回應的被害者學觀察,台北:新迪文化有限公司。new window
黃錦嵐、郭良傑(2005),官盜勾結軍火走私•陳正達縱放 14 個私槍貨櫃,刊於7月16日,台北:中國時報,Website: http://news.chinatimes.com/ Chinatimes/newslist/newslist-content/0,3546,110501+112005071600004, 00.html,visited 2005/7/26。
黃藿譯(Frondizi, R. 著)(1986),價值是什麼—價值學導論(What is Value?),台北:聯經。new window
楊光斌、何莊、劉伯星譯(Klitgaard, R. 原著)(1998),控制腐敗(Controlling Corruption),中國大陸北京:中央編譯出版社。
楊國樞(1988),台灣民眾之性格與行為的變遷,收錄於楊國樞主編(1988),中國人的蛻變,台北:桂冠圖書。new window
楊繼繩(2000),中國社會各階層分析,香港:三聯書局。
蔡振昆(2001),傳統教學與網路教學之比較研究─從教學媒體、班級經營及教學評量來探討,高雄:中山大學資訊管理學系碩士論文。
蔡琰(1996),電視連續劇價值價值系統與社會意識分析,台北:電視文化研究委員會。
鄭善印(2001),擄妓勒贖疑案•警界危機處理失靈,刊於 10 月 01 日聯合報第 15 版民意論壇,台北:聯合報。
鄭善印(2003),海域執法標準作業程序之研究,台北:行政院海岸巡防署委託研究。
鄧曉鋼、周愫嫻(1995),法律處罰的嚇阻作用:警察的逮捕行為可否減少竊盜的再犯率,犯罪學期刊第 1 期,台北:台北大學。new window
鍾文蘭(2000),合併對組織氣候、組織承諾之影響─以某會計師事務所合併案為例,桃園:中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
瞿海源(2002),民眾對社會問題嚴重性評估的變遷,台灣社會問題研究學術研討會論文集,台北:中央研究院社會學研究所。new window

 二、外文部分
Acemoglu, D. and T. Verdier(2000). The Choice Between Market Failures and Corruption. American Economic Association, Vol. 90(1).
Alpert, G. and M. H. Moore(1993). Measuring Performance in the New Paradigm of Policing. in Performance Measures for the Criminal Justice System, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Ashforth, B. E.(1989). Social Identity Theory and The Organization. Academy of Management Review, 14.
Atkins, B. and M. Pogrebin(1978). Introduction: Discretionary Decision-Making in the Administration of Justice. in The Invisible Justice System: Discretion and The Law 1.
Atkinson, J. W.(1966). Motivational Determinants of Risk-Taking Behavior. In Atkinson, J. W. and Feather, N. T.(1966). A Theory of Achievement Motivation. N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons.
Banks, S. K.(1979). Gift-giving a Review and an Interactive Paradigm. Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 6.
Barbara, B.(1981). The Prosecution of Felony Arrests. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Barker, T. and D. Carter(1990). Police Deviance. Cincinnati, OH.: Anderson Publishing Company.
Barzel, Y.(1989). Economic Analysis of Property Rights. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Belk, R. and G. S. Coon(1991). Can’t Buy Me Love: Dating, Money and Gifts. Advances in Consumer Research. Vol. 18.
Belk, R. W.(1979). Gift Giving Behavior. In Sheth, J. N.(1979). Research in Marketing. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Bell, S.(2002). The Limits of Rational Choice: New Institutionalism in the Test Bed of Central Banking Politics in Australia. Political Studies, Vol. 50, No. 3
Bennett, W. and K. Hess(1996). Management and Supervision in Law Enforcement. Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Publishing Company.
Bereday, G.(1964). Comparative Method in Education. New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Bhagwati, J. N.(1982). Directly-Unproductive Profit-Seeking(DUP) Activities. Journal of Political Economy 90.
Billingsley, R.(1999). Research into the Relationship between Informers and Handlers in England: Some findings. Presentation to National Informant Working Group, National Crime Squad Headquarters, 11 November 1999.
Bittner, E.(1967). The Police on Skid Row: a Study of Peace Keeping. American Sociological Review 32(5).
Bouffard, J. A.(2002). Methodological and Theoretical Implications of Using Subject Generated Consequences in Tests of Rational Choice Theory. Justice Quarterly 19.
Boyd, J.(2002). How To Audit Ethics Within An Organization- an Institute of Internal Auditors Panel Presentation- Preventing Corruption: The Regulator’s View. Presentation to the International Institute for Public Ethics Biennial Conference Reconstructing ‘The Public Interest’ in a Globalising world: Business, the Professions and the Public Sector.
Boyd, R. and P. J. Richerson(1985). Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Caldero, M. A. and J. P. Crank(2000). From Economic to Noble-Cause Corruption. In Police Ethics: The Corruption of Noble Cause. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Co.
Caless, B. W.(1999). Police Corruption: Vulnerability profiling. A paper examining incidence, causes and possible remedies. Kent: Kent County Constabulary.
Cheal, D.(1987). Showing them You Love them: Gift Giving and the Dialectic of Intimacy. Sociological Review 35 (1).
Colaprete, F.(2003). The Necessary Evil of IA. Law and Order; May, 51, 5; ProQuest Education Compiete.
Coleman, J. W.(1998). The Criminal Elite: Understanding White-Collar Crime. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Coleman, S.(2003). When Police Should Say “No !” to Gratuities. Centre for Applied Philosophy and Public Ethics, Charles Sturt University, Australia.
Cornish, D. and R.V. Clarke(1986). The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offenging. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Cornish, D. and R.V. Clarke(1998). Understanding Crime Displacement: An application of Rational Choice Theory. in Henry. S. and Einstadter, W.(1998). Criminology Theory Reader. New York: New York University Press.
Daniel, K. and S. Titman(1999). Market Efficiency in an Irrational World. Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 55 (6).
Deal, T. E. and A. A. Kennedy(1982). Corporate Cultures: The Rites and Rituals of Corporate Life. MA: Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
Delattre, E.(1996). Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing. Washington, DC: The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy.
Eck, J. E. and W. Spelman(1987). Problem-Solving: Problem-Oriented Policing in Newport News. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
Erickson, F.(1986). Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching. In Whittrock, M. C.(1986). Handbook of Research on Teaching. New York: MacMillan.
Etzioni, A.(1988). The Moral Dimension: Toward a New Economics. New York: The Free Press.
Flick, U.(1998). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. London: Sage Press.
Fontana, A. and J. H. Frey(1994). Interviewing: The art of science. In Denzin, N. K. and Y. S. Lincoln(1994). Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Friedrich, R. J.(1980). Police Use of Force: Individuals, Situations, and Organizations. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 452.
Fung, H. H.-T.(1994). The Socialization of Shame in Young Chinese Children (Taiwan). Doctroal dissertation of Chicago University, Disertation Abstracts Internation, 55(03), B1200.
Gaffigan, S. J. and P. P. McDonald(1997). Police Integrity: Public Service With Honor. Research Report, a joint publication of the National Institute of Justice and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, NCJ 163811.
Goldstein, H.(1975). Police Corruption: A Perspective on Its Nature and Control. Washington, D C: Police Foundation
Goldstein, H.(1977). Policing a Free Society. Cambridge, Mass: Ballinger Books.
Goldstein, H.(1990). Problem Oriented Poling. New York: McGraw Hill.
Haarr, R. N.(1995). Gender, Workplace Problems, and Stress in Policing. Justice Quarterly, Vol. 12 No.1.
Hartman, E. M.(1996). Organizational Ethics and The Good Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary(HMIC)(1999). Police Integrity: Securing and maintaining public confidence. London: Home Office.
Hirschi, T.(1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hogarth, R. M. and M. W. Reder(1988). Rational Choice- The Contrast Between Economics and Psychology. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Hutchcroft, P. D.(1997). The Politics of Privilege: Assessing the Impact of Rents, Corruption, and Clientelism on Third World Development. Political Studies 45.
Johnston, M.(1998). What Can Be Done About Entrenched Corruption? In Pleskovic, B.(1998). Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1997. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
Joy, A.(2001). Gift Giving in Hong Kong and the Continuum of Social Ties. Journal of Consumer Research, 28 (September).
Kahnement, D., P. Slovic, and A. Tversky(1982). Judgement Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kappeler, V. E., R. Sluder, and G. P. Alpert(1998). Forces of Deviance: Understanding the Dark Side of Policing. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
Kelling, G. L. and M. H. Moore(1988). The Evolving Strategy of Policing. Perspectives on Policing, No. 4, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
Klinger, D. A.(1996). More on Demeanor and Arrest in Dade County. Criminology, 34(1).
Klitgaard, R.(1988). Controlling Corruption. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Klockars, C. B., S. K. Ivkovich, W. E. Harver, and M. R. Haberfeld(2000). The Measurement of Police Integrity. National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief, NIJ 181465 May.
Knapp, W.(1972). Report of the Commission to Investigate Alleged Policeru Cptoiron. New York: George Braziller.
Larsen, D. and J. J. Watson(2001). A Guide Map to the Terrain of Gift Value. Psychology and Marketing. Vol. 18, No. 8.
Lewin, K.(1951). Field Theory in Social Science: Selected Theoretical Papers. D. Cartwright(ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
Liao, S.-T.(1999). Emotional and Cognitive Reactions to Hypothetical Moral Transgressions in Agressive and Nonaggressive Boys in Taiwan. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida.
Liddell, H. G. and R. Scott(1889). An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford University Press(1992 Reprint).
Lundman, R. J.(1980). Police Misconduct. In Lundman, R. J.(1980). Police Behavior: A Sociological Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Maguire, M. and T. John(1995). Intelligence, Surveillance and Informants: Integrated Approaches. Crime Detection and Prevention Series paper 64. London: Home Office.
Manning, P. K. and L. J. Redlinger(1977). Invitational Edges. In Klockars, C. B.(1977). Thinking About Police. New York: McGraw Hill.
Manning, P.(1979). The Social Control of Police Work. In: Hodaway, S.(1979). The British Police. London: Edward Arnold.
Marantz, H.(1993). Loyalty and Identity: Reflections On and About a Theme in Fletcher’s Loyalty. Criminal Justice Ethics Vol. 12, Winter/Spring.
Mauss, M.(1967). The gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies. (translated by Cunnison, Ian). New York: Norton.
Means, R. L.(1969). The Ethical Imperative: The Crisis in American Vales. Garden City, N. Y.: Doubleday and Co.
Melnicoe, W. B. and J. C. Mennig(1978). Elements of Police Supervision. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Merriam, C. E.(1945). Systematic Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Miller, J.(2003). Police Corruption in England and Wales: an Assessment of Current Evidence. Home Office Online Report 11/03, London: Home Office.
Mirrlees, J.(1974). Notes on Welfare Economics, Information and Uncertainty. In Blach, M., D. McFadden, and S.-Y. Wu(1974). Essays on Economic Behavior under Uncertainty. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Munro, M.(1995). Homo-Economicus in the City: Toward an Urban Socio-Economic Agenda. Urban Studies. 32(10).
Muscari, P.(1984). Police Corruption and Organizational Structures: An Ethicist's View. Journal of Criminal Justice, 12.
Newburn, T.(1999). Understanding and Preventing Police Corruption: Lessons from the literature. Police Research Series paper 110. London: Home Office.
North, D. C.(1990). Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nye, J.(1967). Corruption and Political Development: A Cost-Benefit Analysis. American Political Science Review 61(2).
Ouchi, W. G.(1981). Theory Z. MA: Addison Wesley.
Outram, M.(2001). Smart Guide to Internal Investigations. Metropolitan Police Service and New South Wales Police Service.
Palmer, M.(1992). Controlling Corruption. In Moir, P. and H. Eijkman(1992). Policing Australia. South Melbourne: Macmillan.
Patton, M. Q.(1990a). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Patton, M. Q.(1990b). Humanistic Psychology and Qualitative Research: Shared Principles and Processes. Person-Centered Review, Spring.
Peak, K. J.(1997). Policing America Methods, Issues, Challenges. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Perry, R. B.(1973). Value as an object of interest. In Werkmeister, W. H.(1973). Historical Spectrum of Value Theories. Lincoln, Nebrasha: Johnsen Pub. Co.
Piliavin, I. M., R. Gartner, C. Thorton, and R. L. Matsueda(1996). Crime, Dererrence and Rational Choice. American Sociology Review. 51.
President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice(1967). The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society. Washington D.C.: President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice Press.
Punch, M.(1986). Conduct Unbecoming: The Social Construction of Police Deviance and Control. London: Tavistock.
Punch, M.(1994). Rotten Barrels: Systemic Origins of Corruption. In Kolthoff, E. W.(1994). Strategieen voor Corruptie-ptie-beheersing Bij De Polite. Arnhem: Gouda Quint.
Punch, M.(2000). Police Corruption and its Prevention. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 8 (3).
Punch, M., E. Kolthoff, K. van der Vijver and B. van Vlie(1993). Coping with Corruption in a Borderless World. Proceedings of the Fifth International Anti-Corruption Conference. Deventer (etc.): Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers (etc.).
Punch, M., L. Hubert, T. Lamboo, C. B. Klockars, M. Haberfeld, S. K. Ivkovich, and A. Uydess(2000). Perception on Integrity of Dutch Police Officers in Comparative Perspective. Paper to be presented at the: IIPE Conference on Ethics in the New Millenium, Otttawa, Canada, September.
Ralston, K., A. Charleston, and S. T. Ehsani(2004). Police Corruption-The New South Wales Experience. Website:http://www.isrcl.org/Papers/2004/ Ralston .pdf. visited 2005/4/14.
Reardon, K. K.(1991). Persuasion In Practice. Newbury Park: Sage.
Reiss, A. J.(1971). The Police and the Public. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Reiter, L.(1998). Law Enforcement Administrative Investigations: A Manual Guide. Tallahassee, FLA: Lou Reiter and Associates.
Robinson, S. L. and R. J. Bennett(1995). A Typology of Deviant Workplace Behaviors: A Multidimensional Scaling Study. Academy of Manage-ment Journal, Vol. 38, No2.
Roebuck, J. B. and T. Barker(1974). A Typology of Police Corruption. Social Problems Vol. 21, No3.
Rokeach, M.(1973). The Nature of Human Value. New York: Free Press.
Ross, J. L.(1973). The Economic Theory of Agency, the Principal’s Problems. American Economic Review, Vol. 63, No2.
Rubinstein, M. E.(1973). A Comparative Statics Analysis of Risk Premiums. The Journal of Business October.
Sack, J. L.(1992). The Dynamics of Shame in Japanese Chronically Absent Students: A Study of the Theological-Psychological Meaning and Pastoral Implications of Shame in Caring for Chronically Absent students. Doctoral dissertation, University of Luther Northwestern Theological Seminary. Dissertation Abstracts International, 53(04), A1180.
Schein, E. H.(1985). The Role of the Founder in Creating Organizational Culture. Organizational Dynamics, 12.
Schein, E. H.(1992). Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass.
Schein, E. H.(1995). Kurt Lewin's Change Theory in the Field and in the Classroom: Notes Toward a Model of Managed Learning. In Wheelan, Susan(1995). Systems Practice. Website: https://hpds1.mit.edu/ bitstream/1721.1/2576/1/SWP-3821-32871445.pdf visited 2005/9/22.
Schneider, B. and A. E. Reichers(1983). On the Etiology of Climates. Personnel Psychology, 36.
Schwartz, B.(1967). The Social Psychology of the Gift. The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 73, No. 1.
Sherman, L. W.(1974a). Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday Publishers.
Sherman, L. W.(1974b). Introduction: Toward a sociological theory of police corruption. In Sherman, L. W.(1974). Police Corruption: A Sociological Perspective. New York: Anchor Books/Doubleday Publishers.
Sherman, L. W.(1978). Scandal and Reform: Controlling Police Corruption. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
Sherman, L. W.(1985). Becoming Bent: Moral Careers of Corrupt Policemen. In Elliston, F. and M. Feldberg(1985). Moral Issues in Policing Work. Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Shernock, S. K.(1990). The Effects of Patrol Officer’s Defensiveness Toward The Outside World on Their Ethical Orientation. Criminal Justice Ethics, Vol.9, Summer/Fall.
Simon, H. A.(1957). Models of Man- Social and Rational. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Skolnick, J. H.(1965). Justice Without Trial: Law Enforcement in Democratic Society. New York: John Wiley and Son.
Souryal, S. S. and B. W. Mckay(1996). Personal Loyalty to Superiors in Public Service. Journal of Criminal Justice Ethics Vol. 15, Fall/Summer.
Stiglitz, J. E.(1974). Incentives, Risk, and Information: Notes toward a Theory of Hirearchy. Bell Journal of Economics, 6 (2), Autumn.
Theobald, R.(1990). Is Corruption a Problem? London: Macmillan LTD.
Thibault, E. A.(1990). Proactive Police Management. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Trautman, N.(2002). Corruption to Increase Dramatically. Law and Order; Apr, 50, 4; ProQuest Education Compiete.
Tullock, G.(1987). Rent Seeking. In the New Algrave. A Dictionary of Economics, Vol.4, The MacMillan Press Ltd.
Tylor, E. B.(1958). Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Art and Custom. 2 vols. New York: Harper(London: J. Murray, 1871).
Van Maanen, J. and S. R. Barley(1983). Cultural Organization: Fragments of a Theory. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas Texas.
Verhallen., T. M.M. and G. M. Pieters(1984). Attitude Theory and Behavioral Costs. Journal of Economic Psychology, 5.
Waddington, P.A.J.(1999). Policing Citizens: Authority and Rights. London: UCL Press
Walker, S.(1992). The Police in American: An Introduction. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Walker, S.(2001). Police Accountability: The Role of Citizen Oversight. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thompson.
Walker, S., G. Alpert, and D. J. Kenney(2001). Earl Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Officer. National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief, NIJ 188565 July.
Weisburd, D. and R. Greenspan(2000). Police Attitudes Toward Abuse of Authority: Findings From a National Study. National Institute of Justice, Research in Brief, NIJ NCJ 181312 May.
Westley, W.(1970). Violence and the Police. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Williamson, O. E.(1975). Market and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York; Free Press.
Wilson, J. Q.(1968). Varieties of Police Behavior: The Management of Law and Order in Eight Communities. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.
Wolfgang, M. E., R. M. Figlio, and T. Sellin(1972). Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wood, B. D. and R. Waterman(1994). Bureaucracy Dynamics: The Role of Bureaucracy in a Democracy. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Wood, JRT(1997). Royal commission into the New South Wales Police Service: Final Report. Sydney, Australia: New South Wales Government Printer.
Worden, R. E.(1996). The ‘Causes’ of Police Brutality: Theory and Evidence on Police Use of Force. In Geller, W. A. and H. Toch(1996). Police Violence: Understanding and Controlling Police Abuse of Force. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 
 
 
 
第一頁 上一頁 下一頁 最後一頁 top
:::
無相關著作
 
QR Code
QRCODE