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題名:成年前期男性氣概建構之論述分析
作者:王大維
作者(外文):Ta-Wei Wang
校院名稱:國立彰化師範大學
系所名稱:輔導與諮商學系所
指導教授:郭麗安
學位類別:博士
出版日期:2010
主題關鍵詞:男性氣概男子性論述分析社會建構論後結構主義MasculinitiesDiscourse AnalysisSocial ConstructionismPoststructuralism
原始連結:連回原系統網址new window
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「男性氣概」是男性研究中的核心議題,也是理解男性的心理歷程與生命經驗的重要概念。然而早期對於男性心理的研究多半從本質論的觀點來定義男性氣概,晚近的社會建構論則提供了另一種觀點,試圖將男性氣概視為一種建構的歷程,而非一群內生的特質。後結構主義更進一步將男性氣概視為一種語言與論述的建構。本研究的目的即在於結合社會建構論、女性主義與後結構主義的論點,探究位於成年前期的男性對於自身的男性氣概建構為何。
本研究主要採取論述分析做為研究方法,並結合論述心理學、傅柯式論述分析、以及女性主義後結構主義論述分析等分析策略,對於五位成年前期的男性進行探究。資料分析的來源為研究者與每位研究參與者進行三至五次不等的質性訪談(包括生命史訪談與半結構的男性經驗訪談),並從訪談文本中擷取具有性別意涵的故事,從中分析其男性氣概之論述建構。研究主要的結果分為兩部份:
在個別分析方面,五位研究參與者在對於男性經驗的敘說中,都展現出其男性氣概之建構之特性,並呈現出不同的樣貌。多數的參與者援引了「主流/支配性論述」來建構其男性氣概認同;但另一方面他們也擷取了「另類/從屬性論述」來建構其男性氣概認同。此兩類論述所提供的主體位置可能會相互衝突,並形成「意識型態的兩難」,因此多數的研究參與者所呈現的男性氣概認同是多元、流動、甚至是矛盾的。
在整體分析方面,五位參與者的故事中所蘊含有關男性氣概建構之論述包含三大類:一、男性氣概論述(包括:男人即權力、能力與競爭、硬漢、傳統男人、男人真命苦、溫柔男人、年輕男孩等次論述);二、相關性別論述(包括:性別差異、厭女/貶抑女性、異性戀常規、性別平權等次論述);三、其他社會文化論述(包括:本土文化、西方文化、道德、學術等次論述)。這些論述並非獨立存在,而是有著「相互論述性」。論述之間可能是「親近/聯盟」的關係,也可能是「對立/競爭」的關係。每位參與者的男性氣概建構或多或少都受到這些論述的影響,雖然他們的主體性有可能是被這些論述所定位,但是他們也可能反過來運用這些論述來定位自我。每位參與者在面對支配性論述及另類論述時所採取的立場不盡相同,有可能是接受或順服,但也有可能是抗拒或挑戰。透過能動性與論述內涵此兩向度可以將男性氣概的論述建構分為四種型態(叛逆型、傳統型、轉換型、霸權型)。個人的男性氣概建構可能會在多個型態之間遊移。五位研究參與者的男性氣概建構多偏向傳統型,僅有一位是介於叛逆型與轉換型之間,而純粹的霸權型在本研究則並未出現。
透過上述的論述分析,本研究對於男性氣概建構進行實徵性的探究,並呈現出台灣成年前期男性氣概的多元樣貌。本研究的其結果可做為諮商心理師、性別教育工作者及相關助人工作者與男性工作時之參考。
“Masculinities” is the central issue in the field of men’s studies, and also an important concept to understand men’s psychological processes and life experiences. Earlier research on the psychology of men usually defined “masculinities” based on essentialism, while recent developments of social constructionism offer an alternative viewpoint to understand “masculinities” as construction processes, but a group of innate traits. Poststructuralism even treats “masculinities” as linguistic or discursive constructions. The purpose of this study was to explore how a group of young adult men construct their masculinities based on social constructionist, feminist, and poststructuralist thoughts.
Discourse analysis is the research method of this study. Analytic strategies from Discursive Psychology (DP), Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA), and Feminist Poststructuralist Discourse Analysis (FPDA) were used to analyze five male participants’ narratives about their experiences as men. Data were taken from qualitative interviews conducted by the researcher. Several thematic “gendered” stories were extracted from the transcribed texts for use to analyze the discursive constructions of masculinities. The major results include two parts:
First, in the individual case analysis, each participant performs the characteristics of his constructions of masculinities in the narrating and the narrated events with different styles. Most participants draw in dominant discourses to construct their masculine identities; while on the other hand, they also draw in alternative discourses to construct their masculine identities. Both of these discourses offer possibly conflicting subjective positions for the participants to take on and result in “ideological dilemmas.” The masculine identities that the most participants perform are diverse, fluid, and contradictory.
Second, in the integrative analysis, the three major discourses which are related to the constructions of masculinities in the five participants’ narratives are: 1. Masculinities Discourses (including sub-discourses such as “Men As Power,” “Competence and Competition,” “Tough Guys,” “Traditional Men,” “Being A Man Is Hard,” “Tender Men,” and “Young Boys”); 2. Related Gendered Discourses (including sub-discourses such as “Gender Differences,” “Misogyny,” “Heteronormativity,” and “Gender Equality”); and 3. Social-Cultural Discourses (including sub-discourses such as “Indigenous Culture,” “Western Culture,” “Moral,” and “Academic”). These discourses do not exit independently, but connect with each other via interdiscursivity. A discourse may affiliate to/ally with another, or it can contradict/compete with another. Each participant’s constructions of masculinities are more or less influenced by these discourses. Their subjectivities may be positioned by these discourses, but in can be vice versa that they utilize these discourses to position themselves. The strategies that each participant uses when encountering a dominant or alternative discourse are different. He may accept or submit to the discourse, or he may resist or challenge it. Based on the two dimensions of agency and the content of discourses, the discursive constructions of masculinities can be classified into four styles, namely Rebellious/Resistant, Traditional, Transitional, and Hegemonic. A man’s constructions of masculinities can move among these four styles. The majority of the participants are mostly towards the Traditional style of masculinities, and only one participant is between the Rebellious/Resistant and Transitional styles, while none belongs purely to Hegemonic style.
Based on the analysis above, this study tries to empirically analyze the constructions of masculinities to inquire the plural forms of masculinities of young adult men in Taiwan. The results can offer implications for counseling psychologists, gender equity educators, or other helping professionals to offer better services for men.
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